Carb
2. Sucrose: "table sugar", transported in plants made up of Fructose + Glucose
v. Polysaccharides are carbohydrates formed from linking individual sugars into
long
1.
2.
.3.
Starch
Cellule
chains
Examples:
3
: a common storage form of glucose in plants (breads, pasta, potatoes)
a polysaccharide contained in the cell walls of plant
gives strength and rigidity to plant cells.
Glycogen muscles
II. Lipids (include fats, oils, waxes, etc.)
Class of macromolecules that
and
a common storage form of glucose in animals (stored in the
liver
to be used as quick energy)
i.
do not dissolve
in
water
ii.
Lipids usually serve one of three functions:
1.
Energy
storage
Saturated
H
2. structural support in cell membranes (phospholipids) 3. serve as reactants (_ starting
materials) for metabolic reactions
ii. Fatty Acids are the building blocks (or monomers) that make up most lipids.
iv.
Fatty acids are classified as either
saturated
or unsaturated.
The classification depends on the proportion of hydrogen atoms to carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule:
HHH HHHHH
-C-C-C-C-H
HHHHHHHHH
Unsaturated
HHHHHHHHH
HHHHH
1. Saturated fatty acids have the maximum they are
full
a. Saturated fats are usually from animal
2. Unsaturated fatty acids have
not full.
number of bonds possible,
at room temperature, and most come
Solid products. double bonds.
in the carbon chain and are
liquid
at room temperature, and are
Circulatory
disorders;
a. Most unsaturated fats are usually referred to ass
-C-C-C-H 3. Saturated animal fats are associated with
HH
plant
oils can be substituted for animal fats in the diet.
v. A common lipid that contains fatty acids is a triglyceride. Triglycerides (referred to as neutral fatty acids (in the shape of an "E") by condensation
fats) are glycerol linked to
reaction.
3
Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon
nitrogen
and
atoms.
Proteins are the construction materials for body parts such as
III. Proteins
i.
and
ii.
iii.
iv.
hals Amino
blood
hair
hydrogen skin
are the building blocks (or monomers) that make up most proteins different kinds of amino acids that humans use.
Acids 1. There are 2 One important group of proteins- enzymes - help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
IV. Nucleic Acids
i.
ii.
Nucleic Acids are complex organic molecules that store.
information in the cell.
phosphate
are the building blocks (or monomers) that make up most nucleic acids.
genetic base (nitrogenous)
Nucleotides 1. Nucleotides consist of a Sugar +
Example-DNA nucleotide (pentoon)
+
Piology
Life Substances Notes
Name:
KEY
Period:
Date:
MACAOMOLECULES:
Introduction: All compounds can be classified in 2 broad categories:
1.)
2.)
Organic Inorganic
compounds- Contain_Carbon
_and_hydrosca
atoms
compounds- Can have one or the other, but do not contain both carbon and
A. Most of your body's molecules are a. Macromolecules
hydrogen atoms
organic
compounds.
are built from small organic compounds the same way a railroad train is
built, by linking a lot of smaller units together into long chains.
i. Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called Monomers
_________(mono = __one)
ii. Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as
polymers
_(poly = many)
iii. A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which can also bind forming large polymers called Macromolecules (macro = _large__)
b. Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called dehydration
Synthesis
or
Condensation reaction.
polymers, Water (H2O), is released or is by-product of the reaction.
During the formation of
c. The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers, occurs through a process known as
hydrolysis
i. Hydrolysis is the reverse of a condensation reaction. The addition of water, to some polymers can break the bonds that hold them together.
There are four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms:
Carbohydrates
1.)
2.)
Lipids
3.)
Proteins
4.)
Nucleic Acids
1. Carbohydrates
1. Composed of carbon
anto
hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1
1. General formula: (CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms.
a. Example: The sugar glucose is a small carbohydrate; its n equals 6. Therefore its
chemical formula is C6H12O6.
ii. The building blocks (or monomers) of carbohydrates are monosaccharides.
iii. Monosaccharides are Simple
1. Glucose: commonly found in 2. Galactose: a simple sugar found in
3. Fructose: commonly found in,
blood
(saccharide = sugar). Examples: of animals
m.lk
fruit
a. Glucose and Fructose both have the formula C6H12O6, Sometimes compounds may have the same formula, however they have different structures/ arrangements. In such cases, those compounds are called,
isomers.
iv. Disaccharides contain monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. Examples: 1. Lactose: commonly found in milk, made up of Galactose + Glucose