AP Human Terms for Units 1-3

Absolute location

exact coordinates (lat/long)

Relative location

location compared to other places

Cartogram

map distorted by data (size ≠ reality)

Cartography

map-making

Census

population count

Choropleth map

uses shading/color

Distance decay

interaction ↓ with distance

Dot distribution map

dots = quantity

Environmental determinism

environment controls humans

Formal region

same trait everywhere

Functional region

centered around a node

GIS

layers of geographic data

Geography

study of Earth & humans

GPS

satellite location system

Graduated symbol map

symbol size varies

International Date Line

where date changes

Isoline map

lines connect equal values

Latitude

horizontal lines (N/S)

Longitude

vertical lines (E/W)

Map

representation of Earth

Map projection

flattening Earth

Perceptual region

based on opinion

Possibilism

humans adapt to environment

Region

area with common traits

Relative distance

not exact distance (time/cost)

Remote sensing

data from satellites

Scale

map distance vs real distance

Site

physical features

Situation

location relative to others

Space-time compression

faster connections

Sustainability

use resources without future harm

Thematic map

shows one topic

Time zone

region with same time

Topographic map

shows elevation

Toponym

place name

Agricultural density

farmers per farmland

Anti-natalist

discourages births

Arithmetic density

people per land

Asylum seekers

requesting protection

Carrying capacity

max population area can support

Chain migration

follow earlier migrants

Cohort

group by age

CBR

births per 1000

CDR

deaths per 1000

Demography

study of population

Demographic transition

stages of population growth

Dependency ratio

dependents vs workers

Diaspora

spread of people from homeland

Doubling time

time to double population

Ecumene

inhabited land

Epidemiological transition

disease changes over time

TFR

avg. kids per woman

Forced migration

no choice

Guest worker

temporary worker abroad

IDP

displaced within country

Internal migration

within country

Intervening obstacles

block migration

Intervening opportunities

better option stops migration

Life expectancy

avg. lifespan

Infant mortality

baby deaths

Thomas Malthus

population > food theory

Migration

permanent move

Pandemic

global disease

Physiological density

people per farmland

Pull factors

attract people

Push factors

force people out

NIR

population growth rate

Refugees

forced to leave country

Replacement level

~2.1 kids

Step migration

move in stages

Transnational migration

ties to multiple countries

Voluntary migration

choice

ZPG

no population growth

Acculturation

adopt some culture

Assimilation

lose original culture

Centrifugal force

divides people

Centripetal force

unites people

Colonialism

settling in new land

Contagious diffusion

spreads rapidly person-to-person

Creolized language

developed mixed language

Cultural convergence

cultures become similar

Cultural divergence

cultures become different

Cultural hearth

origin of culture

Cultural landscape

human-made environment

Cultural relativism

understand, not judge

Culture

beliefs & behaviors

Culture trait

single behavior

Ethnic neighborhood

cluster of group

Ethnic religion

tied to one group

Ethnicity

shared identity

Ethnocentrism

judge others

Expansion diffusion

spreads, stays strong

Globalization

worldwide connection

Hierarchical diffusion

spreads through power

Imperialism

extending power over others

Indigenous religions

local religions

Language dialect

variation of language

Language family

big language group

Lingua franca

common language

Linguistic geography

study of language distribution