Anatomy exam 3, joints and muscles

synnarthrotic

ampiarthrotic

diarthrotic

1) immovable

2) slightly moveable

3) freely moveable

symphysis of vertebrae (synnarthrotic, ampiarthrotic, or diarthrotic)?

ampiarthrotic

fiberous joint

held together w/ dense CT containing many collagen fibers

• found in bones in close contact (practically touching, seperated by thin layer of fiberous tissue)

3 types of fiberous joints

1) syndesmosis

2) suture

3) gomphosis

syndesmosis

• bones bound by a sheet of dense CT (intraosseus membrane) or a bundle of dense CT (interosseous ligament)

• ampiarthrotic: slightly moveable

suture

• only between flat bones of skull

• thin layer of dense CT (sutural ligament) connects bones

• synnarthrotic- immovable after development, ampiarthrotic in developing skill

cartilagenous joint

• connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

• slightly moveable

types of cartilagenous joints

• syndchondrosis

• symphysis

symphysis

• pads of fibrocartilage between bones

• articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilge

• ex: pubic symphysis (allow maternal pelvic bones to shift as a result of hormone changes affecting fibrocartilage pad)

• ex: intervertebral discs- each disc is composed of a band of fibrocartilage that surrouinds gelatinous core

• ampiarthrotic (limited movement)

bursae

• fluid filled sacs

• when inflamed = bursitus

sprain definition

overstretched ligament or tendon

rhumetoid arthritis vs osteoarthritis

RA- autoimmune, chronic inflammation in joints

osteo - from wear and tear, bones start rubbing on each other

arthrocentesis

process of aspiration (removing) fluid from joint (commonly knee)

if the fluid in knee is blood it indicates…

injury

if the fluid in knee is crystals it indicates..

gout

if the fluid in knee is pus it indicates…

infection

flexion vs extension

flexion: close the angle

ex: bringing forearm closer to shoulder

extension: increase angle

ex:

abduction vs adduction

abduction: “take away”, moving away from midline or axial limb

ex: holding arm out, in t motion

adduction: moving toward midline or axial limb

dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion

dorsiflexion: movement at ankle that brings foot toward shin (moves closer)

plantar flexion: movement at ankle that brings foot away from shin (moves further)

glenohumoral ligament

• glenoid cavity in scapula, humerous is bone of the arm —> ligament joins them

• in shoulder

glenoid labrum

• ring of tissue that lines the glenoid cavity

origin

less moveable part where muscle fits

insertion

more movable part

muscle contraction (steps) you will be putting in order on test

1) ACh released in synaptic cleft

2) ACh binds to receptors on motor end plate

3) electrical impulse travels across sarcolemma and into transverse tubules

4) impulse causes calcium channels to open in the sacroplasmic recticulum

5) calcium ions diffuse out of sarcoplasmic recticulum and bind to troponin

6) tropomyosin molecules move to expose binding sites on actin

7) thin filaments pulled toward the center of sarcomere by myosin

8. muslce fibers shorten as contraction occurs

role of creatine phosphate

• adds a phosphate to ADP

• ATP= energy , after you use energy it turns into ADP, creatine can give an extra phosphate to turn ADP into ATP

acetylcholine (ACh)

-neurotransmitter that binds to receptor on muscle fiber, released at neuromuscular junction, initiates release of calcium, and ultimately muscle contraction

actylcholinesterase

• enzyme thats takes awway remaining ACh from neuromuscular junction

neuromuscular junction

where ntm are released

oxygen debt

when respiratory and cardiovascular system cannot keep up with muscles

• muscles need oxygen

• more we work muscles = more out of breath

• result= losing ATP

• ex: running, muscles start cramping = lack of ATP

types of contractions

• isometric

• ecenntric

• concentric

isometric contraction

muscle contracts but does not change length

ex: yoga plank

concentric contraction

lifting something up, flexion, shortening muscle

ex: picking up a weight

eccentric contraction

lengthening muscle

ex: putting weight down

magnesium

• important post workout

• blocks binding of calcium

• when calcium cant bind to troponin then actin and myosin cant bind, and muscle contraction will stop

essential amino acids

• need because it makes up a complete protein (needs to build muslce)

• 9 amino acids our body cant make on our own , must get from supplements and food

myoglobin

• oxygen carrying protein in muscles, to make ATP

• muslce= highly metabolic, can help supply muscles w oxygen

botox

• clostridium botulinum is a bacteria that causes botuilism

a) paralyzes muscles

b) botox paralyzes muscles, inhibits muscle from contracting

c) botulism can cause flacid paralysis as a poison

what is the functional unit of a muscle contraction?

a sarcomere

tendons vs ligaments

• ligaments connect bone to bone

• tendons connect muscle to bone

• made out of dense reegular CT

myofibrils

• consist of actin and myosin

• thick and thin fibers

whey protein

• protein build muscle

• repair actin and myosin (muscle tears) after tearing

inguinal hernia

• overstrethcing in abdominal fascia

• straining in abdominal area —> fascia tear, form hernia

• more often in males

• from lifting something very heavy, constipation

dimples form by…

a genetic defect in zygomaticus muscle

• muscle is shorter than normal

myasthenia gravis

• autoimmune condition where antibodies attack ACh receptors, muscle does not get stimulated

one of the major functions of msucles

heat production

peristalsis is found in…

smooth muscle

• muscle contraction that only happens in smooth muscle

largest most complex synnovial joint?

found in knee

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament

• athletic injury

TMJ

temporomandibular joint syndrorm

• tightness of joint between mandible and temporal muscle

flexors and extensors example

• flexor: biceps brachii

• extensor: triceps brachii

supraspinatous muscle

• on posterior of scapula

• above spine of scapula

muscles that mkae up rotator cuff

• supraspinatous

• infraspinatous

• teres minor

• teres major

muscles that make up hamstrings

• biceps femoris

• semitendinosus

• semimembranosus

muscles that make up quadriceps

1) rectus femoris

2) vastus lateralis

3) vastus medialus

4) vastus intermedius

biceps femoris vs rectus femoris

hamstrings vs quadriceps

calf muscles

• gastrocnemius

• soleus

sartorius

• flexes knee and hip

• adducts thigh, rotate thigh laterally

• longest muscle in body