chem

The atom

The smallest particle into which an element can be divided without losing the properties of that element

Mass Number

The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom

Relative Atomic Mass (R.A.M)

The mass of an atom as compared to the mass of an atom of carbon which is given a mass of exactly 12.00 units

Rate of Reaction

The change in concentration of a reactant or product per until time at a specific temperature

Green Chemistry

The utilisation of a set of principles in the design manufacture and application of chemical products that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances

Polymers

A type of macromolecule , consisting of one or two types of repeating molecules called monomers. Polymers are produced from 50 or more monomers

Structural isomerism

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Isomers of a compound have the same chemical properties but different physical properties

Faradays Constant

One mole of electron has a charge of 96500C or 1 Faraday

Anions

These are negative ions that result when a non metal atom gains electrons

Cations

Positive ions that result when a metal atoms loses electrons

Cathode

Negative electrode

Anode

Positive electrode

Electrolysis

The breakdown of a compound by the passage of electric currents through it

Reducing agent

Causes reduction and it itself is oxidised . It loses electrons and increases its oxidation number

Oxidising agent

Causes oxidation and it itself is reduced in the process and gains electrons while increasing it oxidation number

Oxidation

A reaction where oxygen is gained or hydrogen is lost

Normal Salt

Contains no replaceable H+ ions. Has a ph of 7 or neutral

Acid salt

Still contains some replaceable H+ ions from the acid and has a ph below 7.

Amphoteric Oxides

The oxides of metals which react with both acids and bases (e.g PbO, Al2O3, and ZnO)

Neutral Oxides

The oxides of non-metals which are neither acidic nor basic ( CO, NO, and N2O)

Basic Oxides

Basic oxides react with acid to give a salt and water only

Alkali

Soluble bases (e.g) NaOH, KOH, NH4OH, CA(OH)

Salt

Substances formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal ion

Base

Substances which react with H+ ions to produce salts and water only

Acid oxides / acid anhydrides

The oxides of most non-metals which when they are dissolved in water , they form acidic solutions

Acid

A substance which produces ‘free’ hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water

Allotropes

Elements that have more than one structure.

(E.g) Graphite and diamond )

Isotopes

Elements which have atoms that contain the same number of protons, but have different number of neutrons. Isotopes possess the same chemical properties

Solubility

The mass of a solute that dissolves in 100g of a solvent at a particular temperature to form a saturated solution

Solutions

Formed when one substance called a solute , dissolves in another called a solvent

Metal/ radical compounds

A radical is a group of atoms which remains bonded together during chemical reactions. (E.G, CO3, OH-, SO4)

Compound

Two or more DIFFERENT atoms , chemically bonded together. (H2O, CO2, NaCl)

Molecule

Two or more Atoms (same/different). (E.g O2, H2O , CO2 )

Atom

A single particle which is the smallest particle of matter

Elements

Substances containing one type of atom only

Pure Substance

Substances made up of one type of particle only . These particles can be atoms or molecules. (E.g) H or H2O

Sublimation

When a solid changes directly into a gas without turning into a liquid first. (E.g) dry ice, iodine and ammonium chloride)

Brownian Motion

The random, haphazard movement of tiny particles suspended in a fluid, caused by collisions with the molecules of the fluid.

Osmosis

The movement of water particles from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a semi permeable membrane

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until evenly distributed

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Kinetic energy is energy objects posses due to motion and all matter is made up of particles in constant motion because of the kinetic energy they possess

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom