Attachment

Caregiver-infant interaction AO1

Caregiver-infant interaction AO3 strengths

Caregiver-infant interaction AO3 limitations

Stages of attachment AO1

Stages of attachment AO3 strengths

Stages of attachment AO3 limitations

Role of the father AO1

Role of the father AO3 strengths

Role of the father AO3 limitations

Animal studies: Harlow AO1

Animal studies: Harlow AO3

Animal studies: Lorenz AO1

Animal studies: Lorenz AO3

Learning theory AO1

Learning theory AO3 strengths

Learning theory AO3 limitations

Bowlby’s monotropic theory AO1

Bowlby’s monotropic theory AO3 strengths

Bowlby’s monotropic theory AO3 limitations

Strange situations AO1

Strange situations AO3 strength

Strange situations AO3 limitations

Cultural variations: Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonberg’s research AO1

Cultural variations: Italian + Korean study AO1

Cultural variation AO3 strengths

Cultural variation AO3 limitations

Maternal deprivation AO1

deprivation - long term separation where the child is deprived from emotional care.

causes harm to their development

critical period - 2.5 years

deprivation during this = psychological damage.

(continuing risk until age 5)

deprivation caused intellectual harm - abnormally low IQ

Goldfarb - institutionalised kids had lower IQ than fostered kids (more emotional care)

affectionless psychopathy - no feelings of guilt or strong emotions

linked to criminal behaviour - lack remorse

(no emotional development)

Maternal deprivation: Bowlby’s research AO1

44 thieves - deprivations vs affectionless psychopathy

teenager interviewed for psychopathy

family interviewed to see if they were deprived

control = 44 non criminal emotionally disturbed teenagers

14/44 - affectionless psychopathy

12/14 - maternally deprived first 2 yrs

5/30 non psychopathy - maternally deprived

2/44 control - maternally deprived

prolonged separation causes affectionless psychopathy

Maternal deprivation AO3 strengths

Maternal deprivation AO3 limitations

Institutionalisation: Rutter et al research AO1

Michael Rutter

165 orphans - adopted by english families

see how much good care can make up for bad early experiences

control = 52 orphans adopted at the same time

half showed signs of delayed intellectual development

majority were very malnorished

mean IQs

before 6 months = 102

6 months - 2 years = 86

after two years = 77

Beckett at al - findings remained until 16 yrs old

Kennedy et al - 15 + 22-25 = ADHD common

Disinhibited attachment - indiscriminate social behaviour, clingy + attention seeking

shown commonly in children adopted after 6 months

Institutionalisation: Zeanah et al research AO1

Charles Zeanah et al

95 children 12-31 months

averagely institutionalised for 90% of their life

control group - 50 kids never institutionalised

attachment style measured using strange situation + carers

74% of control - secure

19% of institutionalised - secure

less than 20% of control - disinhibited

44% of institutionalised - disinhibited

Institutionalisation effects AO1

Disinhibited attachment

equally friendly to familiar people + strangers

no stranger anxiety

Rutter - adaption to living with multiple caregivers during critical period

couldn’t form a secure attachment to 1 caregiver

Intellectual disability

Rutter - showed signs of disability.

adopted before 6 months - caught up by age 4

works like emotional development - can be undone if attachment is formed before critical period (6 months)

Institutionalisation AO3 strengths

Institutionalisation AO3 limitations

Early attachment on later relationships: internal working model AO1

Internal working model - Bowlby

first primary attachment = baseline for all relationships

loving primary attachment = seek out functional relationships + behave functionally

(not insecure-avoidant or resistant)

bad experience = struggle to form relationships or behave inappropriately

(insecure-avoidant or resistant)

Early attachment on later relationships: childhood AO1

Attachment type = quality of relationships

Kern et al - securely attached have the best quality friendships while insecure show difficulty

Smith + Smith - Research

196 children 7-11 - questionnaires

attachment type vs bullying

secure - least involved

insecure-avoidant - bullied

insecure-resistant - bullies

Early attachment on later relationships: adulthood AO1

romance + parental relationships linked to internal working model

Hazan + Shaver - Romantic relationships

620 replies to love quiz

56% secure - good + long relationships

25% avoidant - jealous + feared intimacy

19% resistant - (study doesnt say anything?)

Bailey et al - Parenting relationships

99 mothers - relationship with their babies + mums

assessed using strange situation

majority had the same attachment type with their baby + mum

Parenting style is taught to us by our primary attachment - internal working model

Early attachment on later relationships AO3 strengths

Early attachment on later relationships AO3 limitations