Biology Midterm

Biology

Study of life

Characteristics of Life

Grows and develops, maintains homeostasis, responds and adjusts, evolves, reproduces, has dna, has cells, has metabolism

8

How many characteristics of life are there?

Stimulus

Anything that causes a reaction

Aesexual

Reproduction with only 1 parents

Baby is exact copy of the mom

Sexual

Reproduction with 2 parents (male and female)

Baby is a combo of both parents/different

Cell

Smallest unit of life

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Contains all the infromation for an organism (passed on by the parents)

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

Parts of an atom

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

Nucleus

Center of an atom

Cloud/web

What spins around the nucleus of an atom

Electron _____

Protons and neutrons

What two parts of the atom are in the nucleus?

Proton

Positive charge

Neutron

Neutral charge

Electron

Negative charge

Always spinning around the nucleus

Element

Pure substance

Made entirely of one type of atom

Nucleus

Where is 99% of an atom’s mass located?

Atomic number

Number of protons

Mass number

Number of protons+neutrons

Neutral

The charge of an atom when they’re an equal amount of protons and electrons

Periodic table

List of all the elements

Isotope

Atom with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

Carbon dating

A process that uses Carbon-14 to determine how old something is

The age is how much carbon is left in the fossil

Compound

A substance made up of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions

Valence electrons

Electrons that form bonds

Ionic and covalent

What are the two types of chemical bonds?

Ions

Atoms that have either a + or - charge

Ionic

Bonding between atoms when the electrons are taken/transfered

Covalent

Bonding between atoms when the electrons are shared

Cadion

+ charged ion

Anion

- charged ion

Molecules

Smallest units of a compound

Atoms bonded together

Properties

Creating a molecule completely changes the ________ of the elements

Van Der Waals forces

NOT BONDS

Attractions between molecules during covalent bonding

H+ and OH-

Water splits into which two ions?

PH scale

Scale that determines the concentration of H+ or OH- ions in a solution

Ranges from 0-14

Acidic

0-7 on the PH scale

Neutral

7

Basic

7-14 on the PH scale

Acid

Any compound that has H+ ions

Base

Any compound that has OH- ions

Acids

Vinegar, lemon juice, and soda are all examples of _____

Bases

Drano, soap, and bleach are all examples of _____

Homestasis

Maintain the same state

Buffers

Weak acids/bases that neutralize a stonger acid or base

Used in chemistry (labs), in the stomach, etc

70%

About what percent of earth surface is covered in water?

Polarity

When the charges in a molecule are chemically neutral, but slightly uneven

Negative

The polarity of water makes the oxygen slightly ______

Positive

The polarity of water make the hydrogens slightly ______

Hydrogen bonding

Polarity causes a weak type of bonding called…

Positive hydrogen

Negative oxygen is attracted to a _______

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances

Heat capacity

A molecule’s ability to absorb heat and raise it’s temperature

Mixture

One or more elements/compounds physically mixed together

Solution

A mixture were everything is spread even

Think: lemonade

Solute

The thing being disolved

Solvent

The thing doing the dissolving

Suspension

A mixture in which stuff is unevenly spread out and the solute will eventually settle out

Think: a cup of dirty water

Polar

All the properties of water happen because H20 is a _____ molecule

Aristotle and Plato

Original philosphers of science

Charles Darwin

Founded the theory of evolution

Scientific method

A way to answer scientific questions methodically and systematically

5

How many steps to the scientific method are there?

Hypothesis

An educated guess/prediciton about the outcome of an experiment based on an inference

Independent variable

The thing YOU ARE CHANGING ON PURPOSE in the experiment

Dependent variable

The data/outcome of the experiment that depends on the independent variable

Qualitative

Data that is about the charcteristics/observations of something

Quantitative

Data that involves numbers

Sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, calcium, iron

The essential elements for life

SPONCH CAFE stands for (in order)

Macromolecules

The molecules that are essential for living things

Monomers

A part of a biomolecule

Think: 1 lego piece

Polymers

Many monomers bonded together

Think: A lego house

Monosaccharides

Monomors for carbs

Carbohydrates

Marcomolecule that is used for fast energy and structure in plants

Carbohydrates

Pasta, bread, rice, anything that ends in -ose etc are all examples of what type of macromolecule?

Glycerol and fatty acids

Monomers for lipids/fats

Lipids

Macromolecule that is used to store energy long term

Saturated and unsaturated

What are the 2 types of fats?

Unsaturated

Which type of fat is good for you?

Saturated

Butter is an example of a ______ fat

Unsaturated

Oil is an example of a _____ fat

Nucleotides

Monomers for nucleic acids

Nucleic acids

Marcomolecule that is used to transfer/store gentic info

Nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, etc are all examples of what type of macromolecules?

Amino acids

Monomers for proteins

Function

Shape determines _______

Proteins

This macromolecule is used to regulate cell processes/chemical reactions

Proteins

Chicken, beef, and eggs are all examples of what type of macromolecule?

Enzymes

Special types of proteins that speed up chemical reactions

They usually end in -ase

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction

Active site

Mouth of the enzyme

Substrate

Thing that the enzyme works on

Enzyme-substrate complex

When the substrate is in an enzyme’s active site

True

True or false: an enzyme’s shape never changes (if it’s healthy) and is reusable

Chemical reaction

Any process that changes chemicals into new chemicals by chanhing the bonds in the atoms in the compouds

Reactants

The chemicals you start with in a chemical reaction

Products

The chemicals you end up with in a chemical reaction

Break the bonds

To release energy in an atom you need to…