Exam 3 PSYC 260 UNC

Universal attractiveness

Bilateral symmetry

youthful

average of faces

Muscular development in men

Appropriate waist to hip ratio in women .7

physical attractiveness

once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance, What makes them hot, what do you find hot: made up of Universal, Situational, and Cultural

Culture

Learning shapes attraction: social groups(who we spend time with shape our attraction) and cultural values(perceptions shaped via cultural value such as social media standards for men)

Situation

context shapes attraction

sociosexuality

willingness to engage in sexual relations in the absence of a serious relationship; are we looking for a fling or for something long term

contrast effect

compare attractiveness

Psychological attraction

composite of evaluation(pos, neg) and desire to affiliate

proximity

perception of shared experience because close together, most predicted factor of relationships

Familiarity

mere exposure effect: the more we see it the more like-able it becomes

similarity

perception of similarity between each other, similar attitudes and morals, similar personality, and similar attractiveness

positive affect

we like people that can make us feel good

need for relationships

people are social and relationships help with fulfillment

Evolution

"the social animal" we evolved in social groups

Fulfillment

social identity is routed via social groups, social identity theory

satisfaction

social identity and social groups, social identity theory

self-esteem as an indicator

indicator of importance, acts as a monitor for how well relationships are functioning, EX: self esteem is low is an indicator of social relationships not functioning well

Mortality Salience

become aware of death and mortality becomes salient and psychological outcomes differ, increased desire for relationships

social ostracism

when particular group members are ignored or excluded from participating in the group you then develop a strong desire to return to status, you feel bad and want to be back in the social network

Theories of relationships

communal relationship and investment model

communal relationships

relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs, don't keep track of what you do for others

Reciprocal Self Disclosure: self disclose, the more they self disclose and reveal more of themselves the relationships would be stronger

Self expansion: allows us to expand self concept

Cross cultural differences in relationships

looked at close relationships in individualistic vs collectivism cultures: Relational "Mobility" was higher in individualistic meaning that relationships are fragile and more prone to change

decrease relational mobility via self-disclosure and social support

investment model of relationships

weigh the costs and benefits, do we continue the relationship based on how we evaluate the costs and benefits

sunk costs: prior investments in the relationship, I've been with him for so long I put so much into it, prior investments alter how we weight costs and benefits

relationship commitment

more committed we imagine other partners less, see partner as more attractive, less interest in others, less aggressive towards partner

Triarchic theory of love

intimacy, passion, commitment

Marriage

age increasing at first marriage

When is the right time?: mature, homogamy(perception of similarity), are you treated as an equal, strong commitment

4 horseman of the relationship apocalypse: relationship dissatisfaction

criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, contempt

Groups influence on identity

groups are important to self concept and feeling like you are a part of something

social identity theory

theory in which the formation of a person's identity(self-concept) within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison, they want in group acceptance: and we will signal our membership to affirm the in group acceptance

BIRGing (Basking in Reflected Glory)

Biring: assume self worth and prestige via taking those groups wins and applying it to onself

Political Polarization

derogate out group political groups in order to increase in group prestige , example: conservative attack ads

out-group dehumanization

Moderator of out-group prejudice: negative thoughts of out-group because they are a part of the out-group

antecedent

Meta-dehumanization: perception that the out-group is dehumanizing the in-group

cycle of dehumanization

increases prejudice and creates difference between in group and out group

Groups Influence on Performance

When it is an easier task it gets done quicker with people, if it is a difficult task people hurt performance

Presence of others on cockroaches

cockroaches in maze, if they new the maze when other roaches were observing they would run faster through it, when it was more difficult they would run slower through it

drive-arousal model

others present=increased arousal=differing levels of performance

easy task and arousal-social facilitation

new/hard-social inhibition

Groups influence attitudes

used to think groups caused risky attitudes, "risky shift" but thats not completely true, methodology was flawed...more beneficial to go risky so we revised theory

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

bystander intervention model

1. Notice Event: notice person in need

2. Interpret it as an Emergency

-pluralistic ignorance: when people don't know exactly what is happening they look to others and assume that others know what is going on and acts accordingly, but everyone else also does this

3. Decide it is their own personal responsibility to act: realize it is an emergency and act, in order to break diffusion of responsibility need to be responsible and help, call out a specific person bc others will assume that other people will handle it

-diffusion of responsibility: assumes that someone else will handle it

4.know how to help

Groupthink

suboptimal decision-making due to faulty group processes

Causes of GroupThink

strong group identity: difficulty deviating to accommodate for new challenges, strong overdeveloped identity and stuck with old ways

isolation from outsiders: lack of diversity and same approach to different problems

Forceful Leadership: fear to contradict, mind-guard(prevents information from getting to the person of power), lack of diversity

Brainstorming

groupthink prevention, everyone comes up with different ideas, brainstorm individually and submit responses after to improve groupthink issues

problems: if other people are working you don't work because others are(effort norms), evaluation apprehension(don't want to seem stupid), coordination losses(if many people are speaking at once you can only get some ideas out)

Group Behavior

group outcomes are situationally dependent B=F(P,E)

situational dependence: baseball vs basketball: how much of success is attributable to individual talent,

basketball interacts with the environment more

Team productivity

Actual productivity=potential productivity-process loss+process gain

Ringelmann group loss

when ox in groups of 2 pulled less force than one ox because dependent on others to do the work within the group

Coordination loss

process loss due to the time and energy it takes to coordinate work activities with other team members, electric shock and the more people led increased shock because poor coordination

Motivation loss

(social loafing) bigger groups, decreased motivation because you feel as though you aren't needed

group gain

...

make tasks relevant

create task goals and make them personal

group identity establish

have clear norms, set standards, and easy modes of communication

Set smart goals to have group gains

diversify the group

more creative, have counter points, more elaborative info search

cognitive categorization

a process in which the mind quickly sorts information into categories to function efficiently, categorize things using schema

category use

by organizing information we are able to navigate the environment, schema building

amount of information

they provide a ton of information by using category

speed of information

it is delivered fast and automatically when we use categories

effect on decision making

simplify decision making because we don't have to waste time going through information because it its in our categories and allows us to conserve cognitive resources

Stimulus variability and complexity

variability and complexity: can be errors because of this, can lead to stereotyping

people have high complexity and variability so its harder to predict who they are

social categorization

the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes; build a schema or category for social group

exposure to environment

increased exposure means that it will be encoded into category more

changing social categories

hard to change social category if it is already well developed

category activation

automatically activated

multiple social categories

multiple cues that activate multiple social categories

Intersectionality: when people are a part of social groups that have been historically marginalized ex:black women

Changing social category information (structure)

motivated to individuate: willingness to change category

cognitive load: overload inhibits change

high arousal: stress inhibits change

Realistic Conflict Theory

limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

Social Identity Theory

social groups play a role in our identity

In group: favoritism and heterogeneity(they see themselves as unique)

Out-group: derogation and homogeneity(the in group perceives them as non-unique and increases stereotypes)

Hate-group psychology

institutionalized stereotyping prejudice and discrimination (within fabric of society)

out-group derogation is injunctive social norm (moral imperative, if you adhere to this social norm you are a good person, if you don't then you are a bad person)

Deindividuation of members: take on identity of group, where similar uniforms

Self-perception effects: they believe they are moral and correct

Group norms influence on conformity, polarization, groupthink, conditioning

if norms are toward derogation for out-group then the situational factors

contact hypothesis

reduce prejudice and discrimination if certain conditions are met

mutual interdependence

common goal

equal status

informal, interpersonal contact

multiple contacts

social norms of equality

Reduce stereotypes

Exert control to individuate and change what's in category

What might prevent individuation?

Cognitive load and high arousal

How to change what's in category

Experience, willingness to accommodate, common activities/environmental change

CORFing (Cutting Off Reflected Failure)

the cutting of outgroups which makes the in-group look and feel better