2022 Final Exam Vocabulary

A complete set of vocabulary terms and definitions for the 2022 Final Exam, covering topics in algebra, geometry, probability, and statistics.

absolute value

The distance between a number and zero on a number line.

Area

The size a two dimensional surface takes up. Measured in square units.

Area of a rectangle

$A=bh$ or $A=lw$

Area of a triangle

$A=\frac{1}{2}bh$ or $A=\frac{bh}{2}$

Associative Property

States that is doesn't matter how we group the numbers when we multiply or when we add.

Base (algebraic)

The number used as a factor in exponential form. It is the "big" number that gets multiplied together.

Base (geometry)

In two dimensions, one side of a triangle or parallelogram that is used to help find the area. In three dimensions, a plane figure, usually a polygon or circle, by which a three-dimensional figure is measured or named.

Biased Data

Data that have been distorted because of the way they were collected.

Certain Event

An event that will always happen in a probability experiment.

Coeffiecient

The number that is multiplied by the variable in an algebraic expression

combining like terms

Condensing $2$ or more "like" terms in an expression using addition or subtraction to reduce the total number of terms.

Common Factor

A quantity(number) that evenly divides into two or more quantities.

common multiple

A number that is a multiple of two or more given natural numbers

Commutative Property

The order in which numbers are added or multiplied does not change the sum of product.

Composite Shape

Shapes composed of two or more shapes.

Constant

A fixed value; a number that does not change its value.

Coordinate Plane

A plane in which a horizontal number line and a vertical line intersect at their zero points.

Credit

An amount paid into an account. A positive number.

Cube

A three-dimensional figure with $6$ congruent square faces.

Data set

A collection of data.

Debit

An account entry showing a reduction in money. A negative number.

Decomposition

The result of breaking a quantity into smaller quantities/units in order to assist computation.

dependent variable

A variable whose value depends on the value of another variable, called an independent variable

deposit

to put money into an account. A positive number.

Distributive Property

To multiply a sum by a number, multiply each addend by the number outside the parentheses.

Dot Plot/Line Plot

A method of visually displaying a distribution of data values where each data value is shown as a dot or mark above a number line.

double number line

A diagram that helps to make pairs of numbers in the same ratio more visible.

Edge

The boundary where a base and a face of a three-dimensional figure intersect.

equation

A mathematical sentence showing two expressions are equal. An equation contains an equal sign.

equivalent expressions

Expressions that are identical when simplified using mathematical and algebraic methods.

Equivalent Ratios

Two ratios that express the same relationship (between numbers).

experimental probability

The ratio of the total number of times the favorable outcome happens compared to the total number of times the experiment is done (number of trials)

Exponent

A number that tells how many times the base is used as a factor.

Exponential Notation (Form)

A number written using exponents.

Expression

A mathematical representation containing numbers, variables or a combination of both, and sometimes operation symbols; an expression does not include an equality or inequality symbol.

Face

Any of the individual flat surfaces of a solid object.

Factors

Numbers that are multiplied together to get a product

Factor Pair

Two integers that are multiplied together to yield a given product.

Fair Share

The amount that each person receives when something is divided equally.

Frequency Table

A table that shows how often each item, number, or range of numbers occurs in a set of data.

Greatest Common Factor

The largest factor that two or more numbers have in common.

Histogram

A special style of graph that displays the frequency of data that has been organized into equal intervals; the intervals cover all possible values of data, therefore there are no spaces between the bars of the graph; the horizontal axis is divided into continuous intervals.

Identity Property

a) the sum of a number and $0$ is the number; b) the product of a number and $1$ is the number

Impossible Event

An event that cannot occur in a probability experiment; The probability is equal to zero.

Independent Event

The outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the second event

Independent Variable

a variable (often denoted by $x$) whose variation does not depend on that of another.

inequality

A statement that compares two quantities using $<$, $>$, d,e, or `

Integer

All whole numbers (both positive and negative) and zero.

inverse operations

An operation that is the opposite of, or undoes, another operation.

Irrational Number

A real number that cannot be represented as an exact ratio of two integers; the decimal form of the number never terminates and never repeats.

Least Common Multiple

The smallest multiple (other than zero) that two or more numbers have in common.

Like Terms

Expressions that contain the same variables to the same power

Likely Event

A chance event with a probability between $0.5$ and $1$; the closer the probability is to being $1$, the more likely the event is to occur.

Mean

The sum of the numbers in a set of data divided by the number of pieces of data. Also known as the average.

Median

The middle number of a set of numbers arranged in increasing or decreasing order; if there is no middle number, the median is the average of the two middle numbers.

Mode

the number(s) or member(s) of a data set that occurs most frequently in the set.

Multiplicative Inverse

a reciprocal of a number that is multiplied by that number resulting in a product of $1$

Negative Number

A number that is less than zero; located to the left of zero on a number line.

Net

A two-dimensional plane figure that can be folded to make a three dimensional figure.

opposite

Indicating locations on opposite sides of zero on the number line.

Opposite of the Opposite

the number itself

Ordered pair/Coordinate

A set of two numbers named in an order that matters; represented by $(x, y)$ such that the first number, x, represents the x-coordinate and the second number, y, represents the y-coordinate when the ordered pair is graphed on the coordinate plane

Origin

The point on the coordinate plane where the x- and y-axes intersect; has coordinates $(0, 0)$.

Outliers

An observation or data point that lies an unusual distance from other values in the data.

Parallel Lines

Two or more distinct lines in the same plane that never intersect, these lines are always equidistant.

Parallelogram

a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both parallel and equal in length

Pentagon

A polygon with five sides and five angles.

Percent

A ratio that compares a number to $100$

Perimeter

The distance around a figure, add all sides

Positive Number

Any real number greater than zero.

Prism

A three-dimensional figure that has two congruent parallel faces that are polygons, these are called the bases; the remaining lateral faces are parallelograms.

Probability

The chance of an event occurring; the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes

pyramid

A three-dimensional figure whose base is a polygon and the lateral faces are triangles that share a common vertex.

Quadrant

One of the four sections of a coordinate plane separated by horizontal and vertical axes

Random Sample

A sample obtained by a selection from a population, in which each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Range

The difference between the greatest and the least values in a set of numbers.

Rate

A ratio that compares two quantities measured in different units

Ratio

A comparison of two quantities by division

Ratio Table

A table listing pairs of numbers that form equivalent ratios.

Rational Number

A number that can be written as a fraction

reciprocal/multiplicative inverse

a multiplicative inverse of a number that is multiplied by that number resulting in a product of $1$.

Reflection over x-axis

The rule for reflecting over the X axis is to negate the value of the y-coordinate of each point, but leave the x-value the same.

Reflection over y-axis

The rule for reflecting over the Y axis is to negate the value of the x-coordinate of each point, but leave the y-value the same.

Sample Space

The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment.

Sea Level

The conventional accepted base level for measuring elevation; usually associated with the integer zero.

Simple Event

An event in a probability experiment with a single outcome

Simulation

A probability experiment that imitates a real-life activity to find the probability of an event.

Skip Count

To count by multiples of a given number

Solution Set

The set of solutions that make an equation, inequality, or open sentence true

Statistics

The collection, organization, presentation, and analysis of data.

Statistical Question

A question that can be answered by collecting and analyzing data and that anticipates variability in the data collected.

Surface Area

The sum of all the areas of all the faces or surfaces that enclose a solid.

Tape Diagram

A drawing that looks like a segment of tape, used to illustrate number relationships.

Term

An expression that does not include the operation(s) of addition or subtraction.

Theoretical Probability

What should occur or what we expect to happen in an experiment

unit price

The price of one item or one unit.

Unit Rate

A rate in which the second quantity in the comparison is one unit

Unlikely Event

A chance event with a probability between $0$ and $0.5$; the closer the probability is to being $0$, the less likely the event is to occur.

Variable

A symbol used to represent a number or set of numbers in an expression, equation or an inequality.

Volume

The amount of space an object takes up