Lab 1: Endocrine

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Gland-hypothalmus

Target tissue-anterior pituitary

Function-increase GH secretion

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Gland-hypothalmus

Target tissue-anterior pituitary

Function-decrease GH secretion

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Gland-hypothalmus

Target tissue-anterior pituitary

Function-increase thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion (TSH)

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Gland-hypothalmus

Target tissue-anterior pituitary

Function-increase adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)hormone secretion

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Gland-hypothalmus

Target tissue-anterior pituitary

Function-increases secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) & follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

Gland-hypothalmus

Target tissue-anterior pituitary

Function-increases prolactin secretion

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Gland-hypothalmus

Target tissue-anterior pituitary

Function-decreases prolactin secretion

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Gland-posterior pituitary gland (stored & released/made in hypothalamus, the ppg doesn't actually make any hormones)

Target tissue-kidneys

Function: increase water reabsorption (less water is lost in the form of urine)

oxytocin

Gland-posterior pituitary gland

Target tissue: uterus; mammary glands

Function: increased uterine contractions; increased milk expulsion from mammary glands; unclear function in males

growth hormone (GH)

Gland-anterior pituitary gland

Target tissue: most tissues

Function: increased growth in tissue; metabolic

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Gland-anterior pituitary gland

Target tissue: thyroid gland

Function: increased growth in tissue; metabolic

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Gland-anterior pituitary gland

Target tissue: adrenal cortex

Function: increased glucocorticoid hormone secretion

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Gland-anterior pituitary gland

Target tissue: melanocytes in the skin

Function: increased melanin production

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Gland-anterior pituitary gland

Target tissue: ovaries in females; testes in males

Function: ovulation and progesterone in the ovaries; testosterone and support for sperm cell production in the testes

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Gland-anterior pituitary gland

Target tissue: follicles in the ovaries in females; seminiferous tubules in males

Function: follicle maturation and estrogen in the ovaries; sperm cell production in the testes

prolactin

Gland-anterior pituitary gland

Target tissue: ovaries & mammary glands in females Function: milk production, no function in males

melatonin

Gland-pineal hormones

Target tissue: hypothalamus

Function: regulate reproduction/sleep-wake cycles

T3/T4

Gland-thyroid gland

Target tissue: most cells

Function: increased metabolic rate, increased protein synthesis; essential for normal growth/maturation

calcitonin

Gland-thyroid gland

Target tissue: bone cells

Function: decreased rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; prevention of a large increase in Ca2+(calcium ion) levels

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Gland-parathyroid gland

Target tissue: bones, kidneys, small intestine

Function: increased rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys; increased absorption of Ca2+ from small intestine, increased vitamin D synthesis, increased blood Ca2+ levels

epinephrine/norepinephrine

Gland-adrenal gland: adrenal medulla

Target tissue: heart, blood vessels, liver, adipose cells Function: fight/flight stress response

aldosterone

Gland-adrenal gland: zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)

Target tissue: kidneys

Function: increased Na+(sodium) reabsorption, K+(potassium) /H+ (hydrogen) excretion, enhanced water reabsorption

cortisol

Gland-adrenal gland: zona fasciculta (glucocorticoids) Target tissue: many tissues

Function: increased protein/lipid breakdown; increased glucose production. inhibition of immune response and decreased inflammation

testosterone/DHEA(dehydroepiandrosterone)

Gland-adrenal gland: zona reticularis (androgens)

Target tissue: many tissues

Function: minor importance in males; develops secondary sex characteristics in females: axillary & pubic hair

glucagon

Gland-pancreas (alpha cells)

Target tissue: liver

Function: increased breakdown of glycogen; release of glucose into the blood

insulin

Gland-pancreas (beta cells)

Target tissue: especially liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

Function: increased uptake & use of glucose and amino acids

somatostatin

Gland-pancreas (delta cells)

Target tissue: alpha/beta cells

Function: inhibition of insulin/glucagon secretion

testosterone

Gland-testes

Target tissue: most cells

Function: aids in spermatogenesis, development of genitalia, maintenance of functional reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and sexual behavior

estrogen/progesterone

Gland-ovaries

Target tissue: most cells

Function: aids in uterine/mammary gland development & function, maturation of genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, sexual behavior, and menstrual cycles

inhibin

Gland-ovaries (female) testes(male)

Target tissue: anterior pituitary gland

Function: inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

relaxin

Gland-ovaries

Target tissue: connective tissue cells

Function: increases flexibility of connective tissue in the pelvic area, especially the symphysis pubis

Endocrine system functions

1-regulation of metabolism

2-control of food intake/digestion

3-modulation of tissue development

4-ion regulation

5-controls water balance

6-regulates changes in heart rate/blood pressure

7-controls blood glucose/other nutrients

8-controls reproductive functions

9-stimulates uterine contractions/milk release

10-controls the production of immune cells

A

Pineal gland

B

hypothalamus

C

pituitary

D

parathyroids (posterior part of thyroid)

E

thyroid

F

thymus

G

adrenals

H

pancreas

I

ovaries (female)

J

uterus (not a gland)

K

testes (male)

hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary by the _____________

infundibulum

Hypothalamus regulates secretions of ___________ pituitary

anterior

Posterior pituitary is an extension of the __________

hypothalamus

A

hypothalamus

B

infundibulum

C

pituitary gland

D

pineal gland

axons form the _________________________ tract

hypothalamohypophysial

Blood vessels make up hypothalamohypophysial _______________ ______________

portal system

Thyroid gland histology

-follicles: follicular cells

-parafollicular cells: between follicles

A

thyroid follicle

B

follicular cells

C

parafollicular cells

A

adrenal cortex

B

adrenal medulla

C

adrenal gland

D

zona glomerulosa

E

zona fasciculate

F

zona reticularis

G

mineralocorticoids

H

glucocorticoids

I

androgens

pancreas is composed of ____________ _____________

pancreatic islets