Cardio & Respiratory Week 12 - Lesson 86

Where is the heart generally located?

between the 3rd and 6th rib

How is the heart oriented in dog and cat?

obliquely

How is the heart oriented in horses and ruminants?

vertical

Where are the great vessels located?

at the base

What is the most ventral part of the heart?

apex

What is the ligament that holds the heart to the diaphragm?

phrenicopericardiac/sternopericardiac ligament

What is unique about the lung on the left side?

thinner pulmonary tissue

What is unique about the lung on the right side in dogs?

cardiac notch

Where do horses have cardiac notches?

both sides

What is another name for the visceral pericardium?

epicardium

What does the fibrous pericardium do?

attaches the parietal pericardium to the mediastinal pleura

What are the two structures the fibrous pericardium form?

tunica adventitia and phrenicopericardiac ligament

What is the function of the pericardium?

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

What is an auricle?

blind sac that can take in excess blood from atrium

What does the coronary groove separate?

atria and ventricles

What are the two interventricular grooves?

subsinuosal interventricular groove and paraconal interventricular groove

What is the conus arteriosus?

inverted cone shaped part of the right ventricle where the pulmonary trunk arises

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

remnant of ductus arteriosus which used to take blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta during a fetus

What is the fossa ovalis?

remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart

What is the function of the azygos vein?

collects deoxygenated blood from the most of the thoracic wall; rib #3/4 and backward

What are the septa?

interventricular and interarterial septa

What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

What are the layers of the heart wall?

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

What are the rhythmic contractions?

systole and diastole

What structure supports the AV valve cusps?

chordae tendineae

What is a structure present in the right and left ventricle that helps with conduction?

septomarginal band

What muscles are in the ventricle?

papillary muscles

What are the structures that are only in the right atrium?

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

What muscles are in the atrium?

pectinate muscles

Which atrium has the tricuspid valve?

right atrium

What are the three cusps of the right AV?

parietal, septal, angular

What cusps does the pulmonary trunk and aorta have?

three semilunar cusps

What are the structures of the semilunar cusps?

sinus, nodule, lunule

What do both ventricles have but its more prominent in the left ventricle?

trabeculae carnae

What valve is in the left atrioventricular opening?

bicuspid valve/mitral valve

What valves can you see from the left?

pulmonary valve, aortic valve, bicupsid/mitral valve

What valves can you see from the right?

tricuspid valve

What are the main coronary arteries?

right and left coronary arteries

What does the left coronary artery split into?

circumflex branch and paraconal interventricular branch

What does the circumflex branch become?

subsinuosal interventricular branch

What coronary artery is larger in the horse?

right coronary artery

What coronary artery is larger in the dog and ruminants?

Left coronary artery

Where do the coronary arteries stem from?

bulb of the aorta

What is the main coronary vein and where does it open into?

great coronary vein becomes coronary sinus and opens into the right atrium

What stems from the coronary sinus?

middle cardiac vein and great coronary vein

What is the sympathetic innervation?

stellate and middle cervical ganglia

What is the parasympathetic innervation?

right and left vagus nerves

What is the causative agent for Heartworm disease?

Dirofilaria immitis

What are the vectors for heartworm disease?

Aedes, Anopheles, Culex

Where are heartworms in the heart?

right side and pulmonary trunk/arteries

How do heartworms affect the heart?

increases pulmonary artery resistance

What clinical signs do you see with heartworm disease?

coughing after exercise, refusing to exercise or play, seeming lethargic or weak, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss

Where do the heartworms accumulate first?

pulmonary trunk then right ventricle then right atrium then vena cava