Microbio test pt. 2

COVID-19 is thought to be transferred through very small water droplets. These droplets are called…

An aerosol

After the first exposure to an antigen, the period when the body is establishing immunity and the pathogen is replicating is called the ______ period.

latent

After a dendritic cell ingests the antigen, what is the next step?

It moves to the nearest lymphoid organ and presents antigen to T-cells

Antibodies can have different functions. How does neutralization work?

The surface of the toxin is surrounded, preventing it from targeting the host

Lysozyme is found where?

Both inside lysozomes and secreted on the skin

What holds epithelial cells together, so bacteria can’t get through?

all of the junctions listed hold epithelial cells together

A pyrogen is a molecule that causes _____ when introduced into the blood.

Calor (fever)

The swelling from increased fluid escaping from injured tissues is called:

Tumor

The time at which the host immune system responds to an infection and the symptoms decline is known as the

Convalescent stage

Signs and symptoms are different in that a symptom is…

A subjective evidence of the disease

What is one example of a viral shape?

lcosahedral

Spike proteins are involved in binding to what feature on a host cell?

Cell receptor

The original SARS-CoV-2 vaccine coded for what component of the cell?

Spike protein

An annual vaccine is recommended for the influenza virus because…

It undergoes both antigenic drift and shift

HPV is associated with which types of cancer?

Genitourinary

Oncoviruses can cause cancer in which way?

Producing proteins that affect cellular growth regulation

What part of the bacteriophage enters the host cell?

Nucleic acid

Using phages to treat a bacterial infection is an interesting idea because

Phage are in constant evolution with their bacterial hosts

Which of the following vaccines contain the full-strength toxoid?

DTap

A cup is an example of a fomite.

True

Some bacteria are opportunistic pathogens

True

Antibodies are a component of the innate immune system.

False

First-line defenses include the skin and mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances that bathe them, and the normal microbiota.

True

Antigenic drift is when the viral genome gradually changes leading to mutant viruses

True

A virus invades its host cell through binding the phospholipid bilayer and injecting its genomic information

False

After a bacteriophage penetrates the host, the next step is integration of the DNA into the genome.

False

Botulism can be transmitted through the consumption of poorly preserved foods.

True

A patient comes in with Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma from contracting EBV. This is an example of a ______ transmitted disease.

direct contact or (saliva)

If a high enough percent of the population has immunity to a disease, this results in ____ immunity.

herd

B cells mature in the ______.

bone marrow

To remove attached microorganisms, ______ cells are shed.

epithelial

The life cycle of a bacterial virus that ends in destruction of the bacterial cell is called the ______ phase

lytic

The rabies virus that can infect both bats and humans has a _____ host range.

broad

When used cosmetically, the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is called _____.

botox

Under healthy conditions, acetylcholine is released into the _________ junction that leads to muscle contractions.

neuromuscular

A pathogen that is part of the normal microbiome, but waits for the right time to infect the host is called an….

opportunistic pathogen

A vector of a disease is…

an object of transmission of a disease from one host to another

Antibodies can have different functions. How does interference work?

The surface of the toxin is surrounded, preventing it from targeting the host

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) are responsible for stimulating the immune system to recognize what?

The cell presenting MHC with an antigen is infected or has ingested something dangerous

Salt and dryness both do what to prevent microbial growth?

Shrink cells

What is one way in which the normal microbiome does NOT work to inhibit an invading microorganism.

The normal microbiome produces a thick glycocalyx to trap other organisms

In the single called epithelial layers, what prevents bacterial cells from penetrating?

A mucous layer covering the surface

How do transferrins work to inhibit bacterial cells?

They bind to available iron, preventing the bacterial cells from growing

The warmth from the increased flow of blood in injured tissues is called:

Calor

The fever response prevents growth of bacteria by disrupting which types of bonds?

Hydrogen

Signs and symptoms are different in that a sign is…

An objective evidence of the disease

You are a nurse and a patient comes in, you take their medical history and they tell you they are sore and they feel feverish. These are:

Symptoms of a disease, since they sensed these indicators of illness.

The time at which the host immune system responds to an infection and the symptoms decline is known as the

Convalescent stage

Viruses are classified as obligate intracellular parasites. This term means:

They must be inside the cell and harmful

What is one example of a viral shape?

Icosahedral

The viral genome contains what components?

Genes necessary to invade and redirect host cells

Measles is highly infectious because …

the ID50 is 1-2 virions

SARS-CoV2, Rhinovirus, orthopneumovirus, and morbillivirus are similar in that they all…

are RNA viruses

The mechanism of RSV causes cells to do what?

Fuse together

Hepatitis B is thought to cause cancers through what mechanism?

Integrating into specific genes within the euchromatin

Once inside the host cell, phage DNA

all of the choices are correct

Some bacteriophage can integrate into the host genome. This life cycle is called:

Lysogenic

Clostridium botulinum is spread through…

Improperly preserved food

How does the botulinum toxin work?

It blocks acetylcholine release by nerve cells

A benefit of consuming prebiotics includes

All of the answers are correct, there are many potential benefits of prebiotics

One problem with eating a probiotic is that…

The organism might not stick around if it does not have the right nutrients

In an important study of the gut microbiota, researches noticed that mice whose parents ate a low-fiber diet had what outcome?

Less diversity in the intestinal microbiota

If you can sequence a whole population of bacteria at once, what is an advantage?

All of the other answers are correct

Most research on the microbiome is focused on which populations?

European and North American

During PCR, how is the DNA double helix separated?

Hot temperature