Hair Sweat and Nails and Skin Notes

Hairs, also called ______, are flexible strands of dead, keratinized cells produced by hair follicles.

pili

The inner core of a hair is called the ______, the middle layer is the cortex, and the outer layer is the cuticle.

medulla

Hair _________ are made by melanocytes at the base of the hair follicle and transferred to the cortex cells.

pigments

Each hair follicle is connected to an _____________ muscle made of smooth muscle.

arrector pili

The hair _________ within the hair bulb is a group of actively dividing cells that produce the hair.

matrix

Sebaceous glands secrete _______ (Latin “grease”), an oily secretion.

sebum

Eccrine sweat glands use ______________ secretion.

merocrine

Ceruminous glands secrete ____________, also known as cerumen.

earwax

The nail __________, located within the proximal part of the nail bed, is the epithelium of dividing cells responsible for nail growth.

matrix

The area of skin covered by the proximal nail fold is referred to as the ____________ (cuticle).

eponychium

The core of the body has the __________ body temperature; skin has the __________ temperature.

highest, lowest

Frostbite occurs when blood flow to skin is restricted due to extreme cold, causing skin cells to be deprived of __________ and nutrients.

oxygen

Hyperthermia is an elevated body temperature that ____________ the body’s ability to cool down.

overwhelms

______________ is a cancer that develops from epithelial tissue.

Carcinoma

A ____________ tumour is a mass of cells that is not classified as cancerous or malignant.

benign

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer and originates from the stratum ______________.

basale

Melanoma is a cancer of ______________; it is the most dangerous type of skin cancer.

melanocytes

A burn is __________________ resulting from heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals.

tissue damage

To evaluate burns, the Rule of _______ is used to estimate volume of fluid loss.

nine

First-degree burns involve epidermal damage only, causing redness, edema, and pain. Second-degree burns involve damage to the epidermis and upper dermis, causing ________ to appear.

blisters

The regions of a hair include the ________, shaft, and root.

bulb

Hair color is primarily determined by the type and amount of ________ produced by melanocytes.

melanin

The parts of a hair follicle include the ________, dermal papilla, outer root sheath, inner root sheath, and hair bulb.

hair matrix

The ________ is responsible for creating new hair cells, while the dermal papilla supplies nutrients through blood vessels.

hair bulb

Arrector pili muscles contract in response to cold or fear, causing hair to stand up and resulting in '______'.

goosebumps

Sebaceous glands secrete ________, which helps to keep the hair and skin moisturized.

sebum

Eccrine sweat glands are primarily involved in ________, while apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles and emotional sweat.

temperature regulation

Modified apocrine sweat glands include ________ glands, which produce earwax.

ceruminous

Nails are made of a tough protein called ________ and have structures like the nail matrix, nail bed, and cuticle.

keratin

Heat production is regulated by the ________ and is often increased during exercise or stress.

hypothalamus

Extreme heat can lead to heat ________, while extreme cold can result in conditions like frostbite.

stroke

The three major types of skin cancers are ________, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

basal cell carcinoma

Serious burns are life-threatening because they can lead to massive fluid loss, ________, and infection.

shock

First-degree burns affect only the ________, second-degree burns affect the epidermis and dermis, and third-degree burns damage deeper layers.

epidermis