History Final Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards covering key figures, heresies, councils, and historical events from late antiquity through the medieval period based on the lecture transcript.

Diocletian

Originally named Diokles, he reigned from $r. 284-311$, established the Tetrarchy, created a new currency, and persecuted Christians.

Constantine

Son of Constantius who reigned from $r. 312-337$; he became undisputed emperor in $323$ after conquering other tetrarchy members and was baptized on his deathbed.

$$313$$

The year of the Edict of Milan, which made Christianity legal.

Council of Nicea

Convened in $325$ by Constantine to address the Arian heresy; it involved $318$ bishops who wrote the creed.

Council of Constantinople I

A council in $381$ called by Theodosius to address the Pneumatomachianism heresy and develop the creed used at Mass.

Council of Ephesus

A council in $431$ where Cyril of Alexandria condemned Nestorianism and defined Mary as the Mother of God.

Council of Chalcedon

Convened in $451$ to deal with the monophysitism heresy; it defined Jesus as one divine person who is fully God and fully man.

Council of Constantinople 2

Convened in $553$ by Justinian to resolve the 3 chapters controversy and affirm the councils of Chalcedon and Ephesus.

Council of Constantinople 3

A council in $681$ that condemned monothelitism and Honorius, affirming Jesus has two natures and two wills.

Arianism

The belief that the Son of God is a creature and not God.

St. Athanasius

The bishop of Alexandria in $335$ who defended the divinity of the Word, was exiled $5$ times, and compiled the modern edition of the Bible.

Nestorianism

The heresy that Jesus Christ was two separate persons—the divine Word and the human Jesus—loosely united.

St. Hermanigild

An Arian who converted to orthodox Christianity after marrying Inguinthis, leading to a war ($579-84$) with his father Liuvigild and his eventual martyrdom.

Monophysitism

The belief that Jesus Christ had only one nature.

Hypostatic Union

The doctrine that Jesus Christ is one Divine person existing as fully God and fully man without mixture or separation.

$$476$$

The year of the fall of the Western Roman Empire when Odavacar deposed Romulus Augustus.

Monothelitism

A heresy started by Sergius stating that Christ is one person with two natures but only one divine will.

Justinian

The Eastern Roman Empire (ERE) emperor from $r. 527-565$ who created the Code of Justinian and built the Hagia Sophia.

Clovis

A pagan king of the Salient Franks who married Clotilde and was baptized along with $3000$ of his men.

Heraclius

The Eastern Roman emperor from $r. 610-641$ who conquered the Persians.

Charlemagne

Son of Pepin and King of the Franks ($771-814$) who was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, $800$.

Alexius Comnenus

Eastern Roman emperor ($1081-1118$) who requested an army from the Pope and sought to make the first Crusaders his vassals.

St. Gregory VII

A great reformer who targeted secular powers in the church; namesake of the Gregorian reforms.

Ingunthis

The princess of the Franks who married Hermengild and converted him to Christianity.

Simony

The sin of buying and selling church offices, named after Simon Magus.

Tetrarchy

The division of the empire into $4$ parts, ruled by an Augustus of the East and West with Caesars beneath them.

St. Gregory the Great

Pope elected in $590$ who developed Gregorian chant, converted the Anglo-Saxons, and is one of the four great doctors of the Church.

St. Augustine of Canterbury

Sent by Gregory the Great in $597$ to evangelize England; he baptized $10,000$ people and established Canterbury Cathedral.

St. Patrick

Born in $387$, he was an Englishman kidnapped to Ireland who later returned as a bishop to evangelize the Irish without any martyrs.

St. Leo the Great

Pope from $440-461$ who wrote the Tome defining the hypostatic union and convinced Attila the Hun to retreat from Rome.

Homo-ousion

A Greek word meaning "of the same substance" of the Father.

Odavacar

An Arian who was declared King of Italy in $476$ and was later killed by Theoderic, king of the Ostrogoths.

Abu-bakr

The father of Aisha who succeeded Mohammad as the Muslim caliph.

Arius

A deacon in Alexandria who started the Arian heresy and died in $336$.

St. Clotilde

A Burgundian princess and devout Christian who married Clovis and brought him to the faith.

Theotokos

A Greek word for "Mother of God."

Sergius

The Patriarch of Constantinople who started the Monothelitism heresy.

Theodora

Actress, prostitute, and monophysitist heretic who married Justinian and tried to prevent the condemnation of monophysitism.

Pelayo

Leader of the Christian Spaniards in Asturias who led $30$ men to defeat a force of $60,000$ Muslim soldiers.

Abd al-Rahman

Muslim leader targeting Tours who was defeated and killed by Charles Martel.

Charles Martel

Known as "the hammer," he was Mayor of the Palace for the Franks and defeated the Muslim force at Tours.

Pepin

The son of Charles Martel who was anointed king by Boniface and reigned from $r. 751-768$.

Julian the Apostate

The only apostate Roman emperor ($c. 361-363$) who tried to disprove Christianity by rebuilding the temple but accidentally saved the church by removing Arian bishops.

Battle of Tours

An event in $727$ where Charles Martel's army demolished the forces of Abd al-Rahman.

Honorius 1

A Pope in the $640s$ who failed to condemn Monothelitism.

Umar

The Muslim caliph from $634-644$ who conquered Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine, Egypt, and the Persian Empire.

Monastery of Cluny

Founded in $910$ AD in Burgundy, France; it served as the center of an influential monastic reform movement.

Harald Bluetooth

A $10th$ century Viking King ($958-986$) who brought Christianity to Denmark and Norway.

Gregorian Reforms

Papal changes intended to improve the church and remove corruption among church rulers.

Nicolaitism

A term referring to instances when clerics have "special lady friends" or are sodomites.