APAH - GREEK & ROMAN (UNIT 2)

Apadana

Grand audience hall in Persian palaces.

Athena

Greek goddess of wisdom and protector of Athens.

Atrium

Open central court in a Roman house.

Axial Plan

Layout with elements organized along a central axis.

Basilica

Building plan with a rectangular shape and rounded end.

Bent-Axis Plan

Architectural plan with multiple angled changes, used in Sumerian design.

Bust

Sculpture of a person’s head, neck, and upper chest.

Canon

Set standards or rules.

Capitals

Topmost part of a column, connecting to the lintel.

Cardinal Points

Compass directions: north, south, east, west.

Cella

Central chamber in an ancient temple.

Citadel

Fortified area within a city.

City-States

Self-governing cities.

Clerestory

Elevated part of a building with windows to let in light.

Coffer

Recessed ceiling panel.

Colonnade

Row of columns.

Contrapposto

Stance with weight shifted to one hip.

Corinthian/Doric/Ionic

Styles of column decoration in Greek architecture.

Cuneiform

Ancient writing system using wedge-shaped marks.

Engaged Columns

Columns partially attached to a wall.

Entablature

Continuous beam supported by columns.

Facade

Front-facing wall or exterior of a building.

Forum

Open area for public gatherings in Roman cities.

Fresco

Painting on wet plaster.

Frieze

Decorative band, often sculpted or painted.

Ground Line Format

Arrangement with all figures aligned on one line.

Hierarchy of Scale

Using size to show importance in art.

High Relief

Sculpture carved deeply into the surface.

Horror Vacui

Fear of empty spaces in artwork.

Hypostyle Hall

Hall with a roof supported by columns.

In Situ

In its original place.

Kouros/Kore

Greek statues of a young man/woman.

Krater

Ancient Greek mixing bowl or vase.

Lamassu

Guardian figure, often with human and animal features.

Metope

Square panel between triglyphs on a frieze.

Mosaic

Art made from small pieces of glass or stone.

Mortuary Temple

Temple for offerings to the deceased.

Mastaba

Ancient Egyptian rectangular tomb with sloped sides.

Necropolis

"City of the dead," large burial area.

Obelisk

Tall, four-sided pillar with a pointed top.

Papyrus

Plant used in ancient Egypt to make paper.

Pediment

Triangular upper part of a building’s front.

Peristyle

Columned porch or walkway around a courtyard.

Pharaoh

Ruler of ancient Egypt.

Polytheism

Belief in multiple gods.

Portico

Roofed porch with columns.

Priest-King

Ruler with divine authority.

Pylon

Large gateway with sloping walls in Egyptian temples.

Domus

Roman house.

Ostium

Entryway of a Roman house.

Vestibulum (Fauces)

Hallway leading to the atrium.

Tabernae

Shops at the front of a Roman house.

Compluvium

Opening in an atrium’s roof to collect rain.

Impluvium

Basin in an atrium’s floor for rainwater.

Tablinum

Room off the atrium used as a study.

Triclinium

Roman dining room with three couches.

Alae

Side rooms or wings in a Roman atrium.

Cubiculum

Bedroom in a Roman house.

Culina

Kitchen in a Roman house.

Posticum

Back door or exit.

Peristylium

Courtyard with columns in a Roman house.

Piscina

Pool used for bathing.

Exedra

Semi-circular seating area.

Raking Cornice

Sloping part of a cornice in Greek architecture.

Tympanum

Triangular area within a pediment.

Cornice

Horizontal decorative molding along the top of a wall.

Entablature

Horizontal structure supported by columns, includes architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Frieze (Doric)

Decorative band in Doric architecture.

Triglyph

Three-grooved panel in a Doric frieze.

Taenia

Narrow band separating parts of a Doric frieze.

Architrave

Lowest part of an entablature, resting on columns.

Fluting

Vertical grooves on a column shaft.

Stylobate

Top step of a platform supporting columns.

Acroterion

Decorative feature on top of a pediment.

Keystone

Center stone in an arch.

Spandrel

Space between the curve of an arch and the rectangular frame.

Temple of Minerva and Sculpture of Apollo (510-500 BCE)

Etruscan temple with a statue of the god Apollo.

Anavysos Kouros (530 BCE)

Greek statue of a young man, showing idealized athletic form.

Niobides Krater (460-450 BCE)

Greek vase depicting the myth of Niobe’s children.

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon (175 BCE)

Greek altar with detailed frieze showing battle between gods and giants.

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) (70-80 CE)

Roman amphitheater for gladiator games and public spectacles.

Forum of Trajan (106-112 CE)

Roman complex including a forum, market, and Trajan’s Column.

Augustus of Primaporta (Early 1st Century CE)

Roman statue of Emperor Augustus, symbolizing power and divine lineage.

Athenian Agora (600-150 BCE)

Central public space in ancient Athens for meetings and markets.

Peplos Kore (530 BCE)

Greek statue of a young woman in a peplos dress, symbolizing youth and beauty.

Apadana Hall of Darius and Xerxes (520-465 BCE)

Persian audience hall decorated with reliefs of tribute bearers.

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) (450-440 BCE)

Greek statue by Polykleitos, showcasing ideal proportions and contrapposto stance.

Acropolis (447-410 BCE)

Hilltop site in Athens with temples, including the Parthenon.

Grave Stele of Hegeso (410 BCE)

Greek gravestone showing Hegeso and a servant, depicting domestic life.

Seated Boxer (100 BCE)

Greek bronze statue of an exhausted boxer, showing realism and emotion.

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun (100 BCE)

Roman floor mosaic showing Alexander the Great’s battle.

House of the Vettii (62-79 CE)

Well-preserved Roman house in Pompeii with frescoes.

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus (250 CE)

Roman sarcophagus with chaotic scenes of battle.

Pantheon (118-125 CE)

Roman temple with a large dome and oculus, dedicated to all gods.