APAH - GREEK & ROMAN (UNIT 2)
Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Ancient Greek, Etruscan, and Roman architecture and art:
1. Ankh - (Egyptian) Cross with a loop symbolizing everlasting life.
2. Apadana - Grand audience hall in Persian palaces.
3. Athena - Greek goddess of wisdom and protector of Athens.
4. Atrium - Open central court in a Roman house.
5. Axial Plan - Layout with elements organized along a central axis.
6. Basilica - Building plan with a rectangular shape and rounded end.
7. Bent-Axis Plan - Architectural plan with multiple angled changes, used in Sumerian design.
8. Bust - Sculpture of a person’s head, neck, and upper chest.
9. Canon - Set standards or rules.
10. Capitals - Topmost part of a column, connecting to the lintel.
11. Cardinal Points - Compass directions: north, south, east, west.
12. Cella - Central chamber in an ancient temple.
13. Citadel - Fortified area within a city.
14. City-States - Self-governing cities.
15. Clerestory - Elevated part of a building with windows to let in light.
16. Coffer - Recessed ceiling panel.
17. Colonnade - Row of columns.
18. Contrapposto - Stance with weight shifted to one hip.
19. Corinthian/Doric/Ionic - Styles of column decoration in Greek architecture.
20. Cuneiform - Ancient writing system using wedge-shaped marks.
21. Engaged Columns - Columns partially attached to a wall.
22. Entablature - Continuous beam supported by columns.
23. Facade - Front-facing wall or exterior of a building.
24. Forum - Open area for public gatherings in Roman cities.
25. Fresco - Painting on wet plaster.
26. Frieze - Decorative band, often sculpted or painted.
27. Ground Line Format - Arrangement with all figures aligned on one line.
28. Hierarchy of Scale - Using size to show importance in art.
29. Hieroglyph - Symbol or picture used for writing in ancient Egypt.
30. High Relief - Sculpture carved deeply into the surface.
31. Horror Vacui - Fear of empty spaces in artwork.
32. Hypostyle Hall - Hall with a roof supported by columns.
33. In Situ - In its original place.
34. Ka - In ancient Egypt, the spirit or life force.
35. Kouros/Kore - Greek statues of a young man/woman.
36. Krater - Ancient Greek mixing bowl or vase.
37. Lamassu - Guardian figure, often with human and animal features.
38. Metope - Square panel between triglyphs on a frieze.
39. Mosaic - Art made from small pieces of glass or stone.
40. Mortuary Temple - Temple for offerings to the deceased.
41. Mastaba - Ancient Egyptian rectangular tomb with sloped sides.
42. Necropolis - "City of the dead," large burial area.
43. Obelisk - Tall, four-sided pillar with a pointed top.
44. Papyrus - Plant used in ancient Egypt to make paper.
45. Pediment - Triangular upper part of a building’s front.
46. Peristyle - Columned porch or walkway around a courtyard.
47. Pharaoh - Ruler of ancient Egypt.
48. Polytheism - Belief in multiple gods.
49. Portico - Roofed porch with columns.
50. Priest-King - Ruler with divine authority.
51. Pylon - Large gateway with sloping walls in Egyptian temples.
52. Domus - Roman house.
53. Ostium - Entryway of a Roman house.
54. Vestibulum (Fauces) - Hallway leading to the atrium.
55. Tabernae - Shops at the front of a Roman house.
56. Compluvium - Opening in an atrium’s roof to collect rain.
57. Impluvium - Basin in an atrium’s floor for rainwater.
58. Tablinum - Room off the atrium used as a study.
59. Triclinium - Roman dining room with three couches.
60. Alae - Side rooms or wings in a Roman atrium.
61. Cubiculum - Bedroom in a Roman house.
62. Culina - Kitchen in a Roman house.
63. Posticum - Back door or exit.
64. Peristylium - Courtyard with columns in a Roman house.
65. Piscina - Pool used for bathing.
66. Exedra - Semi-circular seating area.
67. Raking Cornice - Sloping part of a cornice in Greek architecture.
68. Tympanum - Triangular area within a pediment.
69. Cornice - Horizontal decorative molding along the top of a wall.
70. Entablature - Horizontal structure supported by columns, includes architrave, frieze, and cornice.
71. Frieze (Doric) - Decorative band in Doric architecture.
72. Triglyph - Three-grooved panel in a Doric frieze.
73. Taenia - Narrow band separating parts of a Doric frieze.
74. Architrave - Lowest part of an entablature, resting on columns.
75. Fluting - Vertical grooves on a column shaft.
76. Stylobate - Top step of a platform supporting columns.
77. Acroterion - Decorative feature on top of a pediment.
78. Keystone - Center stone in an arch.
79. Spandrel - Space between the curve of an arch and the rectangular frame.
1. Palette of King Narmer (3000-2920 BCE) - Egyptian ceremonial palette showing King Narmer's victory and unification of Egypt.
2. Seated Scribe (2620-2500 BCE) - Egyptian sculpture of a seated scribe, known for its realistic depiction.
3. Great Pyramids and Sphinx (2550-2490 BCE) - Egyptian burial monuments for pharaohs; Sphinx guards the Giza plateau.
4. King Menkaura and Queen (2490-2472 BCE) - Egyptian statue of King Menkaura and his queen, symbolizing strength and unity.
5. Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall (1550-1250 BCE) - Large Egyptian temple complex dedicated to Amun-Re, featuring massive columns.
6. Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (1473-1458 BCE) - Egyptian temple honoring Hatshepsut, with terraces and statues.
7. Last Judgment of Hu-Nefer (1275 BCE) - Egyptian papyrus depicting Hu-Nefer’s journey to the afterlife.
8. Sarcophagus of the Spouses (520 BCE) - Etruscan sarcophagus showing a reclining man and woman, celebrating life after death.
9. Temple of Minerva and Sculpture of Apollo (510-500 BCE) - Etruscan temple with a statue of the god Apollo.
10. Tomb of the Triclinium (480-470 BCE) - Etruscan burial chamber decorated with frescoes of banquets.
11. Anavysos Kouros (530 BCE) - Greek statue of a young man, showing idealized athletic form.
12. Niobides Krater (460-450 BCE) - Greek vase depicting the myth of Niobe’s children.
13. Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon (175 BCE) - Greek altar with detailed frieze showing battle between gods and giants.
14. Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) (70-80 CE) - Roman amphitheater for gladiator games and public spectacles.
15. Forum of Trajan (106-112 CE) - Roman complex including a forum, market, and Trajan’s Column.
16. Augustus of Primaporta (Early 1st Century CE) - Roman statue of Emperor Augustus, symbolizing power and divine lineage.
17. White Temple and its Ziggurat (3500-3000 BCE) - Sumerian temple elevated on a ziggurat in Uruk, for religious rituals.
18. Statues of Votive Figures (2700 BCE) - Small Sumerian statues representing worshippers in prayer.
19. Standard of Ur (2600-2400 BCE) - Sumerian wooden box showing scenes of war and peace.
20. Code of Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE) - Babylonian stone pillar with Hammurabi’s legal code.
21. Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters (1353-1335 BCE) - Egyptian relief of Pharaoh Akhenaton’s family, showing new art style.
22. Tutankhamun's Tomb, Innermost Coffin (1323 BCE) - Golden coffin for Pharaoh Tutankhamun, decorated with symbols of kingship.
23. Lamassu (720-705 BCE) - Assyrian guardian figures with the body of a bull or lion, wings, and human head.
24. Athenian Agora (600-150 BCE) - Central public space in ancient Athens for meetings and markets.
25. Peplos Kore (530 BCE) - Greek statue of a young woman in a peplos dress, symbolizing youth and beauty.
26. Apadana Hall of Darius and Xerxes (520-465 BCE) - Persian audience hall decorated with reliefs of tribute bearers.
27. Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) (450-440 BCE) - Greek statue by Polykleitos, showcasing ideal proportions and contrapposto stance.
28. Acropolis (447-410 BCE) - Hilltop site in Athens with temples, including the Parthenon.
29. Grave Stele of Hegeso (410 BCE) - Greek gravestone showing Hegeso and a servant, depicting domestic life.
30. Seated Boxer (100 BCE) - Greek bronze statue of an exhausted boxer, showing realism and emotion.
31. Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun (100 BCE) - Roman floor mosaic showing Alexander the Great’s battle.
32. House of the Vettii (62-79 CE) - Well-preserved Roman house in Pompeii with frescoes.
33. Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus (250 CE) - Roman sarcophagus with chaotic scenes of battle.
34. Pantheon (118-125 CE) - Roman temple with a large dome and oculus, dedicated to all gods.