Exam 3 Advanced Anatomy

Which structure would most likely be damaged if an animal loses eyesight due to a cranial nerve injury?

Optic canal

Damage to which structure would result in loss of facial expression?

Stylomastoid foramen

Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation to most masticatory muscles?

Trigeminal CN V

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for taste in the body (rostral 2/3) of the tongue?

Facial CN VII

Which cranial nerve provides taste to the caudal 1/3 of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal CN IX

Which cranial nerve provides both sensory and taste to the root of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal CN IX

Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste near the epiglottis?

Vagus CN X

Loss of innervation to the larynx is most likely due to damage to?

Vagus CN X

Which cranial nerves pass through the orbital fissure?

Oculomotor CN III, Trochlear CN IV, Trigeminal CN V, Abducens CN VI

Which cranial nerves pass through the tympano-occipital fissure?

Glossopharyngeal CN IX, Vagus CN X, Accessory CN XI

Which structures are part of the maxillary nerve (V2) pathway?

Round foramen, Alar canal, Infraorbital canal

Which cranial nerve controls most masticatory muscles?

Trigeminal CN V

Which cranial nerve innervates the larynx?

Vagus CN X

What is the main nerve involved in hearing?

Vestibulocochlear CN VIII

What are the two functions of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)?

Balance and hearing

What nerve goes through the Stylomastoid foramen?

Facial CN VII

What nerve goes through the Tympano-occipital fissure?

Vagus CN X

What nerve goes through the Mandibular foramen?

Mandibular CN V3

What nerve goes through the Round foramen?

Maxillary

The two cranial nerves that provide motor function to the masticatory muscles are what?

Mandibular CN V3 and Facial CN VII

This cranial nerve is found in the caudal portion of the nasal cavity?

Olfactory CN I

An animal loses its sense of taste. What nerve(s) is (are) effected?

Vagus CN X, Facial CN VII, Glossopharyngeal CN IX

Dogs have a narrow space between the mandible and skull, what is it called and what animal is missing it?

Alar canal, cars are missing it

What passes through the alar canal?

Maxillary artery

Palpebral reflex is controlled by what cranial nerve?

Facial CN VII

Corneal reflex is controlled by what cranial nerve?

CN V, VII

Swallowing reflex is controlled by what cranial nerve?

CN IX, X, XI

When does the first incisor erupt?

6 days / 2.5 years

When does the second incisor erupt?

6 weeks / 3.5 years

When does the third incisor erupt?

6 months / 4.5 years

What nerve sends sensory information to teeth?

Trigeminal CN V

What structure is only found in horses that promotes rapid cooling of blood?

Guttural pouch

What are the two main parts of the roof of the oral cavity and where are they?

Hard palate- bony region from maxilla and palatine bone Soft palate- muscular region caudal to hard palate

Difference between heterodont and diphyodont?

Heterodont refers to having differentiated teeth types (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) for various functions, while diphyodont refers to having two successive sets of teeth (milk and permanent) in a lifetime

An animal eats some food. What structure helps make sure that it goes to the esophagus and what nerve controls it?

Epiglottis, Vagus CN X

What are the two different classifications of teeth that dogs have?

Deciduous and permanent teeth

What number tooth is a horse's wolf tooth?

105

What is the function of the anticlinal vertebra (T11 in dogs)?

Reference point for the thoracic boundaries

What ligament dorsal to the spine is not found in cats?

Nuchal ligament

What mammals do not have 7 cervical vertebrae?

Sloths and Manatees

Match the vertebral formula to its specific animal?

C7, T18, L6, S5, Cd~18 (Horse)

Match the vertebral formula to its specific animal?

C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd~20 (Cow)

Match the vertebral formula to its specific animal?

C7, T13, L6, S5, Cd~19 (Dog)

An animal cannot move its eye laterally. Which nerve is most likely damaged?

Abducens CN VI

Loss of outward rotation of the eye is most likely due to damage of?

Ventral oblique and Oculomotor CN III

The inability to depress the eye (look down) is most associated with damage to?

Oculomotor CN III

If the eye cannot move but vision is intact, what structure is affected?

Orbital fissure

What nerve controls lateral movement of the eye?

Abducens CN VI

If the mammal eye is unable to focus on objects, which cranial nerve might be damaged?

Oculomotor CN III

What two inner ear structures were covered?

Vestibule and Cochlea

Communication between left and right hemispheres is through?

Commissural fibers

Auditory reflexes are through?

Caudal colliculi

The separation between the brain and spinal cord?

Decussation of pyramids

Which structure is associated with loss of facial tone?

Stylomastoid foramen

Which structure is associated with loss of eyesight due to cranial nerve damage?

Optic canal

What is the correct order of CSF flow?

Choroid plexus, Lateral ventricle, Third ventricle, Mesencephalic aqueduct, Fourth ventricle, Subarachnoid space, Arachnoid space, Venous sinus

What type of fibers connect the same side of the brain?

Association fibers

What heart-related structure is unique to reptiles?

Sinus venosus

What structure can you find in reptiles that delay electrical activation of the heart?

Sinuatrial junction

Name a skull type that is not seen in reptiles?

Synapsid

What is name of the process in which lizards lose their tails?

Autotomy

What is the function of Jacobson’s organ in reptiles?

Chemical detection

What is the largest visceral organ in reptiles?

Liver

What is the purpose of a turtle's outer shell?

Source of calcium and regulates pH

Which structure is unique to reptiles and helps regulate venous blood return to the heart?

Sinus venosus

What skull type has two temporal openings, seen in non-turtle reptiles?

Diapsida

What skull type has no temporal openings, seen in turtles?

Anapsid

What tissue allows for gas exchange in turtles?

Cloaca

Why is a three chambered heart acceptable in reptiles?

Lower metabolism to tolerate mixed blood

What are the digestive structures in birds?

Crop, proventriculus, and ventriculus

Which structure is critical for avian flight mechanics?

Triosseal canal

Digital flexor tendons in birds are responsible for the what in the hindlimbs?

Perching reflex

What flight muscle attaches to the dorsal side of the humerus in birds?

Supracoracoideus

The aorta descends on what side in birds?

Right

Instead of a diaphragm, birds have what?

Horizontal septum

How many cranial nerves do fish have, and what extra nerve do they possess?

11 cranial nerves, lateral line

How do fish/amphibian eyes focus compared to mammals?

They move the lens back and forth, they do not change shape

Describe at least 3 unique anatomical structures in fish that were not discussed in other taxa?

Swim bladders, olfactory rosette, gills

Amphibians have what respiration method?

Buccal, pulmonary, and aquatic

How does the blood flow through a fish?

Single circuit circulatory system

What is the function of the lateral line?

Detect vibration and pressure changes

What is the function of spiracles in insects?

Breathing, air entry

What unique “cranial nerve-like” structure is found in invertebrates but not mammals?

Antenna nerve

What are the key functions of antennae?

Dimorphic patterns, smell, taste, hearing

What are four common key anatomical traits seen in invertebrates covered in the lecture?

Exoskeleton, segmented bodies, specialized appendages, asynchronous muscles

What type of circulatory system do most invertebrates like worms have?

Closed system

What type of circulatory system do most invertebrates like grasshoppers have?

Open system

What is the function of malpighian tubules?

Waste removal

Label them?

Start top left box (Right upper) at the incisor and its 101 then go to top right then bottom right and end bottom left

Label them youngest to oldest?

A, D, C, B, E

Label this?

A: Olfactory bulb

B: Frontal lobe

C: Parietal lobe

D: Temporal lobe

E: Piriform lobe
F: Occipital lobe
G: Cerebellum
H: Spinal cord
I: Mesencophalon
J: Metencephalon
K: Myelencephalon

Label this?

A: Right atrium

B: Spiral valve
C: Ventricule
D: Pulmocutaneous arch
E: Atrial septum
F: Left atrium
G: Internal septum

Label them?

A: Sclera
B: Choroid
C: Retina
D: Vitreous chamber
E: Anterior chamber
F: Posterior chamber
G: Cornea
H: Iris

Label the dog skulls?

A: Dolichocephalic
B: Mesocephalic
C: Brachycephalic

Label the skulls?

A: Horse

B: Cow

C: Dog

Label them?

A: Atlas (c1)
B: Ribs
C: Zygomatic process
D: Zygomatic process
E: Temporal process

What type of spine bone is this?

Axis (c2)

What type of spine bone is this?

Cervical vertabrae

What type of spine bone is this?

c7

Label this

A: Mandible
B: Incisive
C: Nasal
D: Maxillary
E: Zygomatic
F: Lacrimal
G: Frontal
H: Palatine
I: Parietal
J: Occipital
K: Temporal
L: Zygomatic process
M: Condylar process