THEORY OF STRUCTURES (FOUNDATION)

FOUNDATION

TRANSFERS STRUCTURAL LOADS RELIABLY FROM A BUILDING INTO THE GROUND

DEAD LOAD

RAIN, SNOW AND LIVE LOADS

WIND LOADS

DEAD LOAD

• PERMANENT LOAD

• E.G. SELF-WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE, PERMANENTLY ATTACHED ELEMENTS, FIXTURES AND EQUIPMENT

LIVE LOAD

• NONPERMANENT LOAD

• E.G. OCCUPANTS, COLLECTED SNOW/WATER,MOVABLE EQUIPMENT & FIXTURES

IMPACT LOAD

SUDDENLY APPLIED LOAD OF SHORT DURATION DUE TO MOVING VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY

SEISMIC LOAD

HIGHLY DYNAMIC HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL FORCE DUE TO THE MOTION OF THE GROUND DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

WIND LOAD

• LOAD EXERTED ON A STRUCTURE BY WIND

• MAY ACT LATERALLY, DOWNWARD AND/OR UPWARD

LATERAL SOIL PRESSURE LOAD

CAUSED BY EARTH

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE LOAD

CAUSED BY EARTH AND GROUNDWATER

SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

CAPACITY OF THE SOIL TO BEAR THE LOADS FROM THE FOUNDATION

SETTLEMENT

DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF THE GROUND CAUSE BY A LOAD

UNIFORM SETTLEMENT

TYPES OF SETTLEMENT - SETTLING OCCURS AT ROUGHLY THE SAME RATE THROUGHOUT ALL PARTS OF A BUILDING

TIPPING SETTLEMENT

TYPES OF SETTLEMENT - SETTLING OCCURS AT ONE END/SIDE ONLY BUT THE FOUNDATION STAYS INTACT

DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

TYPES OF SETTLEMENT - SETTLING OCCURS AT ONE END/SIDE ONLY AND THE OTHER END/SIDE DROPS DOWN OR SHIFTS

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

TYPES OF FOUNDATION - CLOSE TO THE BASE OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE

SPREAD FOOTING

SHALLOW FOUNDATION TYPES - TAKES CONCENTRATED LOAD FROM ABOVE AND SPREADS IT ACROSS AN AREAS LARGE ENOUGH THAT CAN WITHSTAND IT

MAT/RAFT FOOTING

SHALLOW FOUNDATION TYPES - USED WHERE THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL IS LOW IN RELATION TO THE BUILDING LOADS

DEEP FOUNDATION

TYPES OF FOUNDATION - EXTENDS DOWNWARDB TO REACH MORE STABLE SOIL OR ROCK DEEPER WITHIN THE EARTH

PILES END-BEARING PILE

IT IS A TYPE OF DEEP FOUNDATION - DRIVEN UNTIL ITS TIP ENCOUNTERS FIRM RESISTANCE FROM A SUITABLE BEARING STRATUM

PILES FRICTION PILE

IT IS A TYPE OF DEEP FOUNDATION - DOES NOT REACH ANY FIRM BEARING LAYER

PILES PILE CAP

IT IS A TYPE OF DEEP FOUNDATION - RC SLAB JOINING THE HEADS OF THE PILES AND DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD AMONG THE PILES

UNDERPINNING

STRENGTHENING AND/OR STABILIZING AN EXISTING FOUNDATION

1. FOUNDATION MAY BE ENLARGED

2. NEW FOUNDATION MAY BE INSERTED UNDER EXISTING ONES

3. SOIL IS STRENGTHENED