12 mark questions

assess the impact of the national gov in contributing to the spread of globalisation into new global regions

1. SEZs - china, framework for TNCs to locate

2. subsidies - attract global HQs, london docklands deepens globalisation

3. ultimate deciders - choose to remain switched off ie north korea

assess the range of reasons why some countries remain switched off from globalisation

1. debt - cannot invest in infrastructure or human capital ie gambia

2. dictatorship - limited communication, politically condemned ie north korea

3. landlocked - restricts trade ie sahel region

assess the nature of social, political and environmental tensions resulted from the change caused by globalisation

1. social tensions - westernisation in tribes and diets

2. environmental tensions - GhG emissions, deforestation for diets

3. political tensions - threatened national sovereignity from westernisation

social tensions contribute/cause the other tensions

assess the impacts of the global shift on the physical environment of emerging countries

1. river pollution - industry waste ie ganges but more localised

2. deforestation - amazon, biodiversity and carbon sinks

3. air pollution - more combustion for industry

air pollution worse as makes the impact of deforestation worse as trees needed to try decouple emissions

assess the extent the globalisation of trade can bring problems as well as benefits

1. benefits trade blocs - specialisation, multiplier effect, increases incomes

2. problems trade blocs - sovereignity, policy, cultural erosion

3. benefits containerisation - cheaper transport costs, fuels employment

assess the role of international migration in the globalised economy

1. elite migrants - fill quaternary skill gaps, make investments

2. low wage migrants - maintain global supply chains ie indians in UAE

3. hinder global economy - brain drain, over reliance on remittances, nationalism

assess the contribution of globalisation to cultural diffusion

1. globalisation media - western TNCs ie BBC, TV shows, language

2. globalisation tourism and migration - aircraft, time space compression, spreads language and customs

3. not absolute - contested with national sovereignity ie china censorship

assess the view globalisation inevitably damages the physical environment

1. loss of biodiversity - palm oil and deforestation, industry and ganges

2. air pollution - industry, energy and transportation ie china

3. positives - companies images, gov policies mitigate ie paris 2015 agreement

assess local community methods to reduce the impact of globalisation on the environment

1. localism - reduces ecological footprint, transition towns ie todmorden bus stress on resources

2. recycling - throwaway society, ie EU but germany vs romania

3. sustainable travel - cars most traded commodity ie amsterdam

assess the extent to which the global shift has caused more social costs than benefits

1. employment - waged work more reliable ie samsung vietnam

2. exploitation - work 12 hours little breaks, maltreatment leads to mass fatalities ie rana plaza

3. increased connectedness - infrastructure ie china HSR but leads to CO2 from cement

assess the importance of ICT and mobile communications in the growth of globalisation

1. ICT - global marketplace, WWW ie amazon

2. mobile communication - cannot purchase without, access to global markets

3. trade - both not possible without low delivery times, commercial aircraft and containerisation

assess the positive and negative impacts of the spread of a westernised culture

1. disadvantaged groups - paralymics, womens rights

2. cultural erosion - korawei tribes religion and food

3. changing diets - nutrition transition ie china

assess the impacts of TNCs in creating both winners and losers for people and the environment

1. people winners - employment ie samsung vietnam

2. people losers - conditions ie apple, rana plaza

3. environment winners - corporate images

4. environment losers - palm oil deforestation, industry ie ganges

assess the reasons why globalisation increases income inequality within countries

1. deindustrialisation - detroit vs san fran bay area

2. rural urban migration - accelerated by SEZs, china spends more in urban education

3. remittances - ie india unevenly distributed

assess the impact of the global shift in emerging countries

1. infrastructure investment - ie china enhances economic integration, faster and more affordable travel encouraging FDI

2. pollution - largest cement producer ie for HSR, local and global

3. increased urban incomes - factories better than subsidence farming ie samsung in vietnam

4. unsafe conditions - rana plaza as TNCs want profiit

assess the view that the shrinking world effect has benefitted all people and places equally

1. equality - tech advancements, mobile banking in SSA ie kenya, shrinking world has provided a leapfrog effect for some developing regions

2. divides - digital as west has 5G and fiber optics but other areas lack basic internet so not shrinking for them, physical ie sahel cannot participate in global trade

3. global shift - benefits TNCs and elite consumers but deindustrialisation and exploit labour

assess the view social and economic costs of globalisation outweigh economic benefits for developing nations

1. economic benefits - provides FDI triggering cumulative causation. ie samsung vietnam. macro benefits

2. social costs - seek locations with weakest labour laws to maximise profits ie rana plaza loss or HR. micro costs

3. environmental costs - pollution LT health crises and lower workforce productivity ie ganges. irreversible and affects future development

assess the extent to which national govs can effectively manage the challenges posed by global migration and cultural change

1. managing migration - uk points based system aligns with economic needs BUT pull factors can be stronger ie germany 2015 shows crises can overwhelm national management

2. managing cultural change - china and france top down management of cultural diffusion. BUT bottom up influence of TNCs and social media harder to stop ie tribes

3. no manage - choose not to ie chinas open door policy and london deregulation. if migration limited brain drain shortages

assess the impacts of the global shift on one named country

china

1. economic growth - FDI triggered cumulative causation, SEZs and exports lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty. now worlds workshop

2. investment - infrastructure HSR, education with university showing sustainable impacts

3. costs - air pollution, contamination of soil affects food security, gaps between urban and rural

assess the actions of NGOs and local governments in promoting ethical and environmental concerns about unsustainability

1. NGOs - educate to reduce environmental footprint ie KBT changes social norms and pressures national gov to adopt policies like charging for plastic bags. BUT rely on voluntary action

2. NGOs - fairtrade ensures min price and social premium bridging gap between elite customer and low wage producer. BUT a tiny fraction of global trade

3. local govs - localism ie todmorden, bicyle lanes ie netherlands. more effective as change physical environment

assess the extent to which economic liberalisation can bring problems as well as benefits

1. benefits - remove barriers attracts TNCs and deepends connections ie china SEZs cumulative causation and education. most effective for ‘switching on’ a country

2. sovereignity - comes with strings attached harming social fabric ie IMF and greece

3. inequality - WTO and pakistan, rana plaza. it creates a two tier society

assess the potential for both opportunities and threats for different groups created by a global culture

1. opportunities - challenges discrimantory traditional norms empowering marginalised groups ie paralympics and womens rights. opportunity for social progress

2. cultural erosion - homogenisation of culture is a threat ie korawei tribe leads to cultural difusion

3. nutrition transition - western diet ie china spike in obesity and type 2 diabetes, methane livestock and amazon deforestation

assess the role of IGOs in the growth of the globalised economy

1. WTO - trade liberalisation ie pakistan allows macro growth but micro costs for local fishing communities. needed for widening globalisation into new regions BUT livelihoods

2. IMF - forces pro globalisation policies via SAPs for privatisation and deregulation creating TNC environments to buy previously state owned assets ie water, electricity ie greece. deepens global connections

3. power shift - challenged by state led globalisation ie china and SEZs. trade blocs create rules sometimes more powerful than IGOs. determine what globalisation they let in ie north korea

assess the effectiveness of different indicies in measuring the degree of globalisation

1. KOF - 24 variables 3 dimensions. social (international calls and mcdonalds/ikea stores) and political (IGO memberships). comparability strengths

2. AT - 12 variables 4 dimensions. % for GDP and pop

3. limitations - both methodological gaps. informal economy, cultural bias and extra weighting. thus eurocentric measuring how weighted a country is rather than connectivity

assess the view that globalisation has made the management of global resources more difficult

1. nutrition transition - spreads western consumption patterns pressuring land and diet ie changing china diets and deforestation in amazon

2. global production networks - makes resource management vulnerable to chokepoints ie suez canal and tohoku tsunami. makes local management of resource impossible

3. enhanced greenhouse effect - more emissions via industrialisation and trade causing water conflicts with transboundary water management