Psych 202

Chapter 7

Discrete emotion

emotions categorized into separate, distinct categories

ex: you feel only anger when someone insults you rather, than a blend of emotions.

Continuous Emotions

emotions that are experienced on a spectrum, often blending into one another rather than existing as separate categories.

James Lange Theory

is a psychological theory proposing that emotions arise from physiological reactions to events. According to this theory, we experience emotions as a result of our body's responses to stimuli.

you see bear—your heart races—you feel fear

Cannon Bard Theory

proposes that emotional experiences and physiological responses occur simultaneously

you see a bear—you feel fear and your heart races simultaneously

Schachter-singer Theory

states that emotion is based on physical arousal plus cognitive interpretation of the situation

ex: your heart races— noticing a bear—you label this emotion as fear

SAME Model

emotion is influenced by the situation, the appraisal process(interpretation) and multiple emotions can happen simultaneously

Six Universal Emotions

happiness,sadness,fear,distgust,suprise,and anger

cultural recognition

people from various cultures recognize these emotional expressions, suggesting they are innate (when talking about universal emotions)

what evidence for universal emotions

research findings: studies involving diverse cultures,infants,and blind individuals provide evidence for universal emotions. ex: blind athlete’s example

cultural display rules

societal norms dictating the appropriate emotional expressions in various contexts

suppression

the act of hiding or controlling emotions after they have been felt

reappraisal

changing ones thought processes regarding a situation in order to change the associated emotional experience

duchenne smile

a genuine smile involving both mouth and eye muscles often indicative of real happiness

fake smile

a superficial smile that typically only engages the mouth muscles lacking authenticity

Facial feedback hypothesis

the theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences

ex: forcing a smile can trick you into feeling happy

Cognitive Empathy

the ability to understand another person’s feelings and perspectives but without necessarily feeling those emotions yourself

Emotional empathy

the capacity to actually experience the emotions that another person’s feeling essentially feeling with them.

Behavior post-conflict

Observations indicate that primates often engage in behaviors such as grooming to restore relationships after conflicts.

This behavior suggests a level of social complexity and possible empathy among primates.

empathy in rats

• Studies indicate that rats exhibit empathetic behavior; for instance, they will free trapped companions even when food rewards are available, demonstrating an understanding of suffering.

achievement motivation

The intrinsic desire to succeed and accomplish set goals

Example Scenario: A student studies diligently in order to achieve a high grade on an exam.

intrinsic motivation

• Engaging in a behavior due to personal enjoyment or satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence.

• Example: Playing the piano purely for enjoyment.

extrinsic motivation

• Performing a behavior as a means to obtain external rewards or to avoid negative outcomes.

• Example: Studying hard to earn grades or avoid punishment.

minimal justification effect

• The psychological phenomenon that occurs when individuals are given a minimal incentive to engage in a task, often leading them to change their attitudes and convince themselves they enjoy the task more than they originally did.

performance goals

• Definition: Aims focused on outdoing others and achieving higher performance levels compared to peers.

mastery goals

Definition: Emphasis on personal learning, skill improvement, and mastery of new challenges rather than competition with others.