immune system

What is the primary function of the immune system?

Maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from nonharmful organisms and producing an appropriate response.

What are disease-causing agents like viruses and bacteria called?

Pathogens

The body's ability to fight infection or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells is known as immunity

True

Which organ produces T lymphocytes?

Thymus gland

Which organ produces B lymphocytes?

Bone marrow

What organ recycles red blood cells and stores monocytes?

Spleen

Surface markers on cells that the body uses to recognize self or non-self are called antigens

True

The body recognizes antigens as either self or non-self.

True

What type of blood cells are central to the immune system?

White blood cells

Pathogens are always non-living things.

False

What substance in tears and saliva kills bacteria?

Antibacterial enzymes

How does stomach acid contribute to the first line of defence?

Low pH kills harmful microbes

Which white blood cells are classified as phagocytes?

Neutrophils

What is the process where a cell ingests bacteria to destroy it?

Phagocytosis

Where are macrophages found?

Liver

What chemical is released by basophils during an attack?

Histamine

What is the main function of neutrophils?

Patrol tissues

Macrophages are shorter-lived than neutrophils.

False

What do macrophages display to lymphocytes?

Antigens to initiate immune responses

The process of ingesting a microbe by a phagocyte is called phagocytosis

True

What produces histamine

non-phagocytic leukocytes (Basophil)

Phagocytes are produced in the bone marrow throughout life.

True

What do the immune cells in the lymph nodes filter?

Lymph fluid

What is the role of lymph nodes in the immune system?

Security checkpoint

What substances are found in lymph fluid?

Proteins

What happens to cleaned lymph after leaving the node?

Returns to bloodstream

Lymph nodes contain immune cells.

True

What types of invaders do lymph nodes look for?

Viruses

What cells are removed by lymph nodes?

Damaged

Lymph drains from lymph vessels into lymph nodes

True

What shape are antibody molecules?

Y-shaped

Which cells produce antibodies?

B-lymphocytes

What is another name for antibodies?

Immunoglobulins

What holds antibody chains together?

Disulphide bridges

What determines the shape of the antibody binding site?

Order of amino acids in the variable region

What is the function of antibodies?

Recognize and deactivate pathogens

What is agglutination?

Clumping together of bacteria

Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?

IgG

Which immunoglobulin is involved in worm response and mast cell activation?

IgE

Where is IgA typically found?

Secretions

How many antigen binding sites does IgM have?

10

Antibodies are globular glycoproteins.

True

Where do B-cells mature?

Bone marrow

What do activated B-cells become?

Plasma cells

Where do T-cells mature?

Thymus

What is the rate of antibody production by plasma cells?

1000 per second

What do memory cells do upon re-exposure to an antigen?

Divide rapidly

What do T-helper cells secrete?

Cytokines

What is the role of Cytotoxic T cells?

Kill infected body cells

What do helper T-cells bind to?

Antigens on macrophages

What do B-cells use as antibody receptors?

Embedded antibodies

What triggers T-cell multiplication?

Chemical messengers

What do memory B-cells do?

Remain in the body

T-cells and B-cells circulate in blood and lymph.

True

What is cellular immunity carried out by?

T-cells

What is antibody immunity carried out by?

B-cells

Which immune response is faster: primary or secondary?

Secondary

What is natural active immunity?

Producing antibodies from infection

What is artificial active immunity?

Vaccination

What is natural passive immunity?

Antibodies from mother

What is artificial passive immunity?

Blood serum injection

How long does passive immunity last?

Short period

Primary immune response has no measurable response for the first few days.

True

What does colostrum contain?

Antibodies

What is an autoimmune disease?

Immune system attacks itself

What is an allergen?

Harmless antigenic substance

What is an exaggerated immune response called?

Allergy

What is a treatment for anaphylactic shock?

Epinephrine

What do histamines cause blood vessels to do?

Widen and become leaky

What is a common symptom of an allergic reaction?

Runny nose and eyes

Autoimmune diseases have known cures.

False

What is an antihistamine used for?

Treating allergies

What tough indigestible protein in the skin acts as a physical barrier?

Keratin

What is the role of mucus linings in the first line of defense?

Traps dirt and microbes

How do 'good' gut bacteria protect the body?

Outcompete bad bacteria

Skin oils contain bactericides that help prevent microbial growth.

True

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Attack bacteria via phagocytosis

What is the main component of pus?

Dead phagocytes, destroyed bacteria, and dead cells

What is the primary function of Helper T-cells?

Secrete cytokines

What is the role of Suppressor T-cells?

Prevent overactive immune response

What do B-cells differentiate into to produce antibodies?

Plasma cells

What triggers the rapid division of B-cells?

Antigen recognition

Memory cells allow the body to destroy pathogens before symptoms appear.

True

What do scavengers do?

Remove dead cells and microorganisms.

What do immune cells in the lymph nodes do after finding foreign invaders?

Destroying or marking them for other immune cells to destroy.

What is an example of an autoimmune disease affecting the joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis

What is the primary characteristic of an immediate allergic reaction?

Occurs within seconds

What makes up a large proportion of pus?

Dead neutrophils