Respiratory System!

BIO 2320 USU

Latin for “relating to breathing” and provides the means fro gas exchange required by living cells:

Respiratory System

Portion of the respiratory system that transports air:

Conducting Portion

Portion of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs:

Respiratory Portion

The nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea, and progressively smaller airways from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles from what portion of the respiratory system:

Conducting Portion

The respiratory portion is composed of:

Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, aveoli

The primary function of the respiratory system:

Breathing

Scientific name for Breathing:

Pulmonary Ventilation

What are the 2 cyclic phases of breathing

Inhalation (inspiration) and Exhalation (Expiration)

The continuous movement of gases into and out of the lungs is necessary for the process of:

Gas Exchange

Type of gas exchange involving the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood:

External Respiration

Gas exchange involving exchange of gases between the blood and the cells throughout the body: (between tissue capillaries)

Internal Respiration

As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways that gases are what prior to reaching the gas exvhange surfaces of the lungs. (warmed, humidified, cleansed)

“Conditioned”

The conditioning of the inhaled gases are faciliated by the twisted pathways through which 2 structures:

Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

Anatomic structures that aid in sound production:

Larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips, tongue

This contains chemoreceptors for sense of smell and covers the superior region of the nasal cavity:

Olfactory Epithelium

The structure of the respiratory system, and some of the cells in the respiratory epithelium, protect the body against:

Airborne Infection

An enzyme produced in cells found in the epithelium that destroy microbial cell walls:

Lysozyme

Inside the nose, this traps inhaled dust, microbes, insects, and pollen:

Mucus

The “Upper Respiratory Tract” is composed of:

Nose and nasal cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx

The upper respiratory tract structures are all part of what portion of the respiratory tract?

Conducting Portion

The main conducting airway for inhaled air:

Nose

Paired strutcures that open on the inferior surface of the nose:

Nostrils or External Nares

The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx via paired:

Internal Nares

The frontal bone, nasal bones, cribiform plate of the ethmoid, and sphenoid bone form the:

Roof of the nasal cavity

The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by:

Palatine process of the maxillae, horizontal plate of the palatine bones

The anterior region of the nasal cavity, near the nostrils: (“entrance court”)

Vestibule

Coarse hairs near the vestibule that help trap large particles: (“to quiver”)

Vibrissae

The nasal cavity is lined with, and covered with:

Ciliated epithelium, Mucus

The most superior portion of the nasal cavity contains what epithelium:

Olfactory Epithelium

Dived the nasal cavity into left and right portions:

Nasal Septum

The nasal septum is formed anteriorly by:

Septal Cartilage

Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum:

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

Contributes tot he inferior posterior portion of the nasal septum:

Vomer

These ensure that the air remains in the nasal cavity for long periods of time by creating turbulence, so air can become warmed and humidified:

Conchae or Turbinates

The turbinates are covered with what which can enlarge and shrink to facilitate what?

Erectile tissue, Nasal Cycle

What are the 3 nasal conchae and which one is independent

Superior Nasal Conchae

Middle Nasal Conchae

Inferior Nasal Conchae - Independent facial bone

Where do the nasolacrimal ducts empty?

Inferior to the inferior nasal conchae

The alternating partial congestion and decongestion of the nasal cavities in humans by enlargement or shrinkage of the nasal erectile tissue:

Nasal Cycle

What are ethmoidal projections?

Superior and Inferior Nasal Conchae

The nasal cycle is controlled by what part of the brain?

Hypothalamus

The 4 paranasal sinuses:

Frontal

Ethmoidal

Sphenoidal

Maxillary

What direction does the Maxillary sinus drain, and where does it drain?

High and Medial, Inferior to the middle nasal conchae

Common infection in the maxillary sinus:

Sinusitis

Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive tracts, also known as the throat:

Pharynx

The most superior region of the pharynx and is located posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate, seperating it from the porterior part of the oral cavity:

Nasopharynx

The Nasopharynx is lined with:

Ciliated Epithelium

Food and drink are blocked fro entering the nasopharynx by elevation of the “small grape”:

Uvula

Paired tubes in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx that connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear, (Petrous Portion Of Temporal Bone!) allowing air pressure to be equalized behind the eardrum:

Auditory (Eustachian) Tubes

The posterior nasopharynx wall houses a single pharyngeal tonsil, commonly called an: (“gland like”)

Adenoid

The middle pharangeal region, immdiately posterior to the oral cavity:

Oropharynx

The oropharynx is bounded superiorly by what, and inferiorly by what?

Soft palate, Hyoid bone

These within the oropharynx provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials

Lymphatic Nodules

Tonsils on the lateral wall of the oropharynx (you can see these!)

Palatine Tonsils

Tonsils found at the base of the tongue:

Lingual Tonsils

The inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx:

Laryngopharynx

The larygopharynx is continuous with what 2 structures?

Larynx and Espohagus

Laryngopharynx is lined with:

Stratified Epithielium

When large pieces of food get stuck, and block breathing, they typically lodge in the:

Laryngopharynx

A short, cylindrical airway boudned by the laryngopharynx, esophagus, and trachea. Also called the voice box: (“the upper windpipe”)

Larynx

3 Functions of the Larynx:

Produces sound

Prevents swallowed objects from entering respiratory tract

passageway for air

This closes over the larynx so air cannot escape:

Epiglottis

The epiglottis closing, and the abdominal muscles contracting to create abdominal pressure is referred to as:

Valsava Maneuver

Largest cartilage which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx (shaped like a curved shield):

Thyroid Cartilage

Thryoid cartilage is formed by what type of cartilage:

Hyaline cartilage

The V-shaped anterior projections of the thryoid cartilage: (Adam’s Apple)

Laryngeal Prominence

Ring-shaped cartilage forming the inferior base of the larynx, while also connecting to the trachea inferiorly: (“a ring form”)

Cricoid Cartilage

The only cartilage that forms a complete circle in the larynx:

Cricoid Cartilage

A dense connective tissue band that attaches the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage: (4 fingers above the sternal notch)

Cricothyroid Ligament

Incision made through the cricothryroid ligament to open the larynx, for an emergency airway:

Cricothyrotomy

What cartilage forms the epiglottis?

Elastic

During swallowing the larynx does what, while the epiglottis does what?

Elevates, Bends backwards

The little valley found at the base of the toingue and anterior to the base of the epiglottis:

Vallecula

This serves as a “spit trap” and temporarily holds saliva to reduce risk of coughing before swallowed:

Vallecula

The superior ligaments of the larynx:

Vestiubular Ligaments

The vestibular ligaments + the mucous membrane covering them=

Vestibule folds or False vocal cords

The vocal ligaments + mucous membrane surrounding them=

True vocal cords or vocal folds

These are avascular and white in color so they are distinctive from surrounding tissue:

Vocal Folds

The opening between the vocal folds:

Rima Glottidis

The rima glottidis + the vocal folds:

Glottis

The range of voices (soprano/bass) is determined by:

The length and thickness of the vocal folds

-the longer and thicker the folds, the deeper the voice

Pitch is determined by:

Tension or tautness of the vocal folds by intrinsic laryngeal muscles

What nerve are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles controlled by?

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

Tension in the vocal cords causes the cords to vibrate more producing a:

Higher sound

Loudness depends on the:

Force of air passing across vocal cords

Are whispered sounds all at the same pitch?

YES

What is not yet fully developed in yound children, causing high, nasal-like voices?

Nasal Sinuses

This tract is made up of both conducting airways and respiratory portion of the respiratory system:

Lower Respiratory Tract

A flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the “windpipe”: (“rough”)

Trachea

The anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by 15-20 C-shaped:

Tracheal Cartilages

The trachea is within what body cavity?

Mediastinum

Function of the tracheal cartilages:

Provide rigidity to keep trahcea open at all times.

The open ends of each tracheal cartilage are bound together by what elastic muscle?

Trachealis Muscle

Muscel used to expel foreign objects or mucus through the trachea up and out:

Trachealis Muscle

This is present in the trachea, and also the larynx up to just below the vocal cords:

Cilia

At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes: (“windpipes”)

Left and Right Primary Bronchi

Inhaled foreign objects or vomit are more likely to travel down into which lobes of the lungs?

Right lobes

The primary bronchus that travels over the heart, and leaves at a more acute angle at eh lung:

Left primary bronchus

What structure is most likely to trigger a cough and why?

Carina, extra sensitive nerve endings

The inferior tracheal cartilage separate the primary bronchi, forming an internal ridge called: (“kneel of a boat”) (“bow of a ship”)

Carina

A highly branched system of air-conducting passages consisting of the L/R Primary Bronchi progressively branching through lungs and ending at the terminal bronchioles:

Bronchial Tree