AP World History Unit 3 Key Terms

Protestant Reformation

Attempt to reform Church.

Leads to divide, creation of Protestant faiths that gain legitimacy from the Bible and not from the Church.

Not as ritualistic as the Church, bibles written in vernacular, movement divided nations in Europe // led to wars.

Martin Luther

Priest that initiated Protestant Reformation.

Refused to renounce views, wanted clergy to be able to marry.

Lutheran Church

Established in 1530 by Martin Luther after confirmation of the Augsburg Confession.

John Calvin

French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans.

-Developed Calvinism at Genevea

-Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion

Calvinism

Belief in predestination.

Created by John Calvin.

Henry VIII

Created Anglican Church.

Split from Catholic Church because Pope would annul marriage to women who couldn't produce male heir.

Anglican Church

Protestant sect founded by Henry VIII.

Made the official church of England since Henry VIII made the decision to separate the Holy Roman Catholic Church from England.

Kept the organization and ceremonies of the Catholic Church but overtime it adopted some Protestant doctrines.

Protestant Doctrines

Don't believe in the holy trinity.

Only through bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven.

Priests can be married.

Don't take communion.

Don't answer to Pope.

Catholic Reformation - Counter-Reformation

Instead of transforming Catholic Church after Protestant Reformation (did get rid of indulgences).

Stop the spread of Protestantism, both by reforming the Catholic Church, and also by persecuting as heretical those deemed to go too far.

Saint Ignatius Loyola

Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights

Jesuits

Footsoldiers of the Pope

Society of Jesus

Branch of Catholicism after Reformation

Focused on education/universities

Missionary work and social justice

European religious wars

Following Reformation - European regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic.

Stay Catholic: Still pay taxes to Church, Church owns property, but traditional princes/leaders would change minds and people would have to follow.

Thirty Years War

Years 1618 and 1648 on the territory of modern Germany. Involved most of the major continental powers. Occurred for a number of reasons though on its outset it was a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics. The self-preservations of the Habsburg Dynasty was also a central motive.

The Treaty of Westphalia

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years War.

Rise of the Nation-states

-Unified country under a ruler which share common goals and pride in a nation

Rise of the nation-state began after England's feat of the Spanish Armada.

Sparked nationalistic goals in exploration which were not thought possible with the commanding influence of the Spanish who may have crushed their chances of building new colonies.

Absolute Monarchy

Hereditary leadership that controls executive, legislative, judicial decisions.

Parliamentary Monarchy

Attempt to control monarchy through parliament - first experiment in England - usually controlled budget which controlled/limited monarch.

Louis XIV

Longest rule in Europe.

Made France absolute monarchy, increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism.

Maria Theresa and Joseph II

First and only female of the Habsburg dynasty. She was Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of other territories from 1740 to her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. She was one of the so-called "enlightened despots". She was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, ruling over most of central Europe.

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern Dynasty, reigning from 1740 - 1786. Enlightened monarch.

The Seven Year's War

Comprised of two struggles.

1) Centered on the maritime and colonial conflict between Britain and its Bourbon enemies, France and Spain.

2) Conflict between Frederick the Great of Prussia and his opponents: Austria, France, Russia and Sweden.

Began when Frederick invaded Austria in order to deny a base for what he feared would be an Austro-Russian attack on him. Successful invasion but helped to create a powerful coalition against him. Pressed on to invade Bohemia but Austrians put up strong resistance and forced him to withdraw.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar

Enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Catherine the Great

German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century.

Ruled after the assassination of her husband.

Gave appearance to enlightened rule.

Accepted Western cultural influence.

Maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.

English Civil War

Started in 1642 when Charles I Raised his royal standard. The split between Charles and Parliament was such that neither side was willing to back down over the principles that they held and war was inevitable as a way in which all problems could be solved.

The country split into those who supported the king and those who supported Parliament.

Charles was tried in January 1649. He was found guilty that he had "traitorously and maliciously levied war against the present Parliament and the people therein represented"

He was executed on January 30th, 1649.

Glorious Revolution // William I

1688 - Overthrow of King James in England.

English Bill of Rights

An act of the Parliament of England passed on December 16 1689. It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Rights presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England.

It lay down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution.

Northern Renaissance

Spread to Northern Europe.

Literature, art, blended human form with religion, literature/arts in vernacular for the masses.

Baroque

Exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe.

Nikolai Copernicus and the Heliocentric Theory

Belief that the earth rotates around the sun, contradicts geocentric view held for centuries, and by the church that universe revolved around earth.

Scientific Revolution

Emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

Began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment.

Galileo

Improvements to the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first and second laws of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He had been referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science".

Sir Isaac Newton

By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and deterministic power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution and the advancement of heliocentrism.

Enlightenment (Age of Reason)

Attempt to apply logic from the Scientific Revolution to human nature/government/economics.

Belief that logic, techniques used in the Scientific Revolution, could be applied to human behavior, government, economics - series of essays/novels - movement away from the Church.

Voltaire (Person)

Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. His legacy as a radical and revolutionary is perhaps best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."

Class diversification in Europe

Growth of middle class between aristocracy and peasantry.

Population growth & Agricultural Revolution

Need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease, improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement.

Mercantilism

Economic system where colonies market and resources for the sole use of mother country.

Capitalism

Economic system where government stays out of companies choices, market - supply/demand determine product, goal is to make profit to reinvest in company.

Adam Smith / Wealth of Nations

Author of the Wealth of Nations.

Put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire, move away from mercantilism.

Proto-industrialization

16th century. The world was initially applied to cottage industries in the countryside. In spite of the opposition of urban guilds, rural residents were performing many industrial tasks.

Lodestone and the compass

Lodestone is a naturally magnetized piece of magnetite. Compass.

Iberian wave of exploration

Portuguese and Spanish move across coast of Africa, exploring quickest route to India.

Starts wave of exploration, set up forts on islands on coast.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer. He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explode an African route to Asia.

Sagres.

Christopher Columbus

"Discoverer" of Americas, looking for shortcut/western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs Columbian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance.

Ferdinand Megellan

1521 - Led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe.

Colonization

Need for markets, resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning.

Dutch East India Company

Trading corporation for Netherlands - controlled markets and resources of colonies

British East India Company

Controlled trade for Britain - became even stronger than some governments - controlled markets and resources.

Osman I and the Ottoman Turks

1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

Sultan

Certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e. the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall caliphate. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate.

Viziers

Ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan.

Istanbul

Officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed to Istanbul. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world.

Mehmet II and the conquest of Constantinople

1480 first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all Christians), besides such usual titles as King. Sultan (ruler of a Muslim state), Khan (ruler of Turks), etc. He made this claim after his conquest of Constantinople (1453), and assumption of that imperial regalia along with his own.

Suleiman the Magnificent (Suleiman I)

Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system.

Janissaries

Christian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire - later developed monopoly on military and resisted technological innovation.

Millet System

Method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the - ruling - Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia-based law.

Harem

Part of the household forbidden to male strangers. In Western languages such as English, this term refers collectively to the wives in a polygynous household as well as the "no-males allowed" area, or in more modern usage to a number of women followers or admirers of a man.

Siege of Vienna

Failed attempt by the Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and all of the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces.

Safavid Empire

Native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty, thereby reigniting the Persian identity and acting as a bridge to modern Iran.

Abbas the Great

Strongest leader of Safavid Empire, expanded trade with West.

Abbas' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia.

Isfahan

Cultural/political center of Safavid Empire - 3rd largest city in Iran today

Ming Dynasty

Ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type.

Francis Xavier

Pioneering Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). The Roman Catholic Church considers him to have converted more people to Christianity than anyone else since St.Paul.

Matteo Ricci

An Italian Jesuit priest, and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China Mission. "Servant of God"

Qing Dynasty

Manchu leaders in China. Ethnic Chinese were forbidden to hold high national offices.

Continued Confucian civil service.

Christianity outlawed. (?)

Increased interaction with Europe.

Opium Wars.

Taiping Rebellion.

Fall due to lack of modernization.

Tea and Chinese trade with Europe

Portuguese discover Chinese tea in 1560s, starts as drink of the wealthy, eventually supply increases, becomes part of daily life of Europe.

Kangxi

One of the greatest Chinese emperor in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged 8, he did not exercise much, if any, control over the empire, that role being fulfilled by his 4 guardians and his grandmother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang.

Oda Nobunaga

Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, to eventually conquer most of Japan before his untimely death in 1582.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

The founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Tokugawa Shogunate and the Great Peace

A feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets it name from the capital city of Edo, now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

The warrior-caste of samurai were at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders.

During this time the nation of Japan was relatively peaceful thanks to the Tokugawan rule so it was also known as the time of "Great Peace".

Delhi Shogunate

Various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526.

Babur the Tiger

Founded the Mughal dynasty of India. he was a direct descendant of Timur, and believed himself to be a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Taj Mahal

Finest example of Mughal architecture - Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned its construction as a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Arjumand Bano Begum, who is better known as Mumtaz Mahal .

Akbar the Great

Greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty.

Religious tolerance.

Created Din-i-Ilahi ("Faith of the Divine"), combination of Hindu, Islam, Christianity.

Patron of the arts/literature.

Aurangzeb

Ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. He was and is a very controversial figure in South Asian history, and is considered a tyrant by most Indians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other non-Muslims.

During his reign many Hindu temples were defaced and destroyed, and many non-Muslims (mostly Hindus) converted (widely believed forcibly) to Islam.

Sikhs

Ten Sikh gurus // Northern India

Started religion: Sikhism

Unique view of world through one god.

Askia Mohammed and the Songhai state

King of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. He strengthened his country and made it the largest in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory had belonged to hte Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire.

The gold trade in West and Central Africa

Made inland nations rich. Relied on slave trade and gold to increased wealth.

Stunted/slowed industrialization.

Made African nations dependent = Needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region.

Osei Tutu and the Asante (Ashanti) Kingdom

Leader of loosely run Ashanti confederacy in Africa - of firearms bought from European traders in exchange for gold and slaves he greatly expanded the power of the city-state.

Boers

Name given to Dutch immigrants to South Africa, that eventually moved inland.

Came into conflict with Zulus and British who later colonize.

Apartheid

Legalized separating of races in South Africa based on color — you're either white, colored or black.

Zulu

South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of the few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle.

European and Arab domination of the East African-Indian Ocean trade network.

Portugal and Islam dominated trade of trees, exotic animals, slaves to Arab world, back to Europe.

Atlantic slave trade

Purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New WOrld. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans, meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people.

Sugar production and the slave trade

Labor intensive, dangerous, spurred growth of Atlantic Slave trade to Caribbean/Latin America.

Numbers kept up through extensive trade, not through reproduction. Males primarily brought over.

Overseers keep order violently - absentee landowners.

the Middle Passage

Term given for sea voyage of African slaves on way to Latin America/Caribbean/North America - 25-50% would perish on the trip.

the Triangular Trade

Trade of AFrican slaves to Caribbean, sugar to industrialized North U.S. and England, manufactured goods to Africa.

the "Columbian Exchange"

Trade of Americas/Africa/Europe - exchange of crops, disease, culture, peoples, pack animals.

Led to improved diets, massive immigration (some forced).

Hernán Cortés and the conquest of the Aztecs

Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile.

Part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Although the Aztec confederacy put up a stiff resistance; disease, starvation, and battle brought the Tenochtitlan down in 1521. Won with the help of the Indian allies.

Francisco Pizarro and the conquest of the Incas

A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.

New Spain

After conquering the Incas and Aztecs, Spain settled their vast empire. They wanted to control migration to the Americas.

Mexico City (Formerly Tenochtitlan)

Capital and largest city of Mexico.

Political, cultural, commercial, and industrial center.

Became the capital of New Spain after the Spanish conquered the Aztec.

Spanish importation of smallpox and measles

Columbian exchange negative - immunity lacking in indigenous people - led to millions of deaths - huge demographic switch.

the encomienda system

System of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have right to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Demonized role of Spanish and Columbus in treatment of Native Americans. Wrote "The Tears of the Indians"

The Tears of the Indians

Written by Bartolome de Las Casas.

Swayed opinion about treatment of Native Americans and what was going on and such.

Silver mining

Forever altered world trade. Became source of wealth for Portugal/Spain, currency for China, dominated resource of Mexico, extracted minerals from America and sent to Europe.

Dutch West Inda Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.