Traditions and Encounters Chapter 31, Traditions and Encounters Chapter 32

Taiping Rebellion

Rebellion that took Nanjing as the capital of their "Great Peace" Kingdom but was stopped by the Qing government

polyglot

(?) a person who speaks more than one language

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers in decline, protested the sultan's military reforms but were massacred in 1826 for their protests

Balkan Nationalism

Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system and caused turmoil in the Ottoman Empire

Muhammad Ali

(r. 1805-1848) Ottoman General who ruled Egypt; built a powerful army modeled on European forces, drafted peasants to serve in his infantry and hired French and Italian officers to train his troops; launched industrialization movement; invaded Syria and Anatolia threatening the Ottomans

capitulations

agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality dating back to the 16th century

Selim III

(r. 1789-1807) Ottoman sultan who continued reform efforts, program to model army along the lines of European threatening the Janissaries and causing revolt that killed him

Madmud II

(r. 1808-1839) Ottoman sultan who instituted military reforms sparking protest among Janissaries whom he massacred in 1826; reformed military to be like European armies, tried to transfer power from traditional elites to the sultan and his cabinet by taxing rural land, abolishing land grants, undermining the ulama; established European-style ministries, built roads an telegraph lines, formed a postal service

Tanzimat

(1839-1876) "reorganization" era when reform increased rapidly, drew inspiration from Enlighenment targeted army, educational, legal reforms; attacked Ottoman law, wanted capitulations lifted and Ottoman sovereignty restored, safeguard rights; legal reform undermined ulama, increased state power; religious equality; large educational reforms

Young Ottomans

Group calling for individual freedom, local autonomy, politcal descentralization, establishment of constitutional government

Abdul Hamid II

(r. 1876-1909) Ottoman sultan installed by radical bureaucratic Ottomans in a coup, instituted a constitution only to repeal it, exile liberals, rule autocratically to "rescue" the Empire; oversaw formation of police force, educational reforms, economic development, railroad construction

Young Turks

Party founed in Paris in 1889 by exiled Ottomans, promoted reform, used newspapers to spread message; wanted universal suffrage, equality before law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state, emancipation of women

Mehmed V Rashid

Puppet sultan established after a coup inspired by the Young Turks forced Abdul Maid to restore the constitution and dethroned him

serfdom

Bondage of peasant workers to the land they worked on under fuedalism, condition of bondage or modified slavery

Crimean War

(1853-1856) military conflict that arose when Russia tried to exert power over Ottomans to take over their Balkan provinces threatening to upset the balance of power in Europe leading to interference by a coalition including Britain, France, kingdom of Sardinia, and Ottoman Empire that revealed Russia's weak military when they suffered humiliating defeats causing them to begin Russian restructuring

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Russian Tsar most famous for empanipating the serfs after signing the treaty of Paris ending the Crimean War, assassinated by the Land and Freedom Party

zemstovs

government created elected district assemblies created to deal with local issues of health, education, and wefare in the wake of serf emancipation but remained subordinate to Tsarist authority

Sergei Witte

prime mover behind Russian industrialization, minister of finance from 1892-1903; implemented policies designed to stimulate economic development and created the ambitious Trans-Siberian Railway

Trans-Siberian Railway

Railroad created by Witte linking the Russian Empire and stimulating the development of industries, opened Siberia to large-scale settlement, exploitation, and industrialization

pogroms

anti-Jewish protests that caused many Jews to flee Russia

Land and Freedom Party

Radical political party that in 1876 began promoting assassination of prominent officials as a means to pressure the government into political reforms and assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881 after several other attempts

the People's Will

(?) A faction of Land and Freedom that assasinated Tsar Alexander II

Alexander III

(?) son of Alexander II who was czar of Russia (1845-1894)

Nicholas II

(r. 1894-1917) Tsar who took the throne after Alexander II's assassination, a weak ruler who used expansionist ventures to delfect attention fro domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements

Russo-Japanese War

Clashes when expanding eastward led to this conflict, began in 1904 with a Japanese surprise attack on a Russian naval squad and ended in 1905 with destruction of the Russian navy

Bloody Sunday

Massacre of a group of workers who marched on the tsar's winter palace in St. Petersburg to petition Nicholas for a popularly elected assembly

Duma

Russia's first parliamentary instituion created by the Tsar to stop revolutionary activity but did not stop revolutionary unrest

Qing Dynasty

Chinese dynasty created when the Manchu's overthrew the Ming dynasty

Guangzhou

(?) city in China that was the only port that Europeans could trade through

cohongs

Specialy licensed Chinese firms which bought and sold goods at set prices and operated under strict regulations established by the Chinese government

Lin Zexu

incorruptible commissioner assigned to halt opium trade by the Chinese government in 1839, destroyed some 20,000 chests of opium ignighting a war with Britain

Opium War

(1839-1842) war that began when enraged British commerical agents pressed their government into a military retaliation designed to reopen the opium trade; ended with a humilating victory over China

Open Door Policy

(?) A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

unequal treaties

a series of treaties following the Opium War which curtailed China's sovereignty

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 treaty following the Opium War which ceded Hong Kong Islands in perpetuity to Britian, opened five Chinese ports to commerce and residence, compelled the Wong government to extend most favored-nation status to Britian, granted extraterritoriality to British subjects

HSBC

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Taiping Program

Reform program established by village school teacher Hong Xiuquan containing many radical features that appealed to discontented subjects, including abolition of private property, creation of communal wealth to be shared according to needed, prohibition of foot-binding and concubinage, free public education, simplification of written language, literacy for the mases, decreed equality of the sexes

Self-Strengthening Movement

(1860-1895) government reform program, leaders of it sought to blend Chinese cultural values with European industrial technology

Cixi

(1835-1908) Chinese Empress Dowager, a former imperial concubine who established herself as an effective ruler in the last 50 years of the Qing dynasty

spheres of influence

areas carved by foreign powers throughout China by 1898, in these areas these foreign powers were granted exclusive rights to railway and mineral development by the Wing government in these areas, only their distrust of each other prevented them from destroying China

Hundred Days Reforms

Reform movement of 1898 led by Kang and Laing, wanted to turn China into a modern industrial power and caused young and open-minded Emperor Guangxu who launched a sweeping reform program

Kang and Liang

leading figures of the Hundred Days of Reforms movement of 1898 who published a series of treatises reinterpreting Confucian thought in a way that justified radical changes in the imperial system

the Boxer Rebellion

violent anti-foreign movement supported by Cixi that went on a rampage thru out N. China killing foreigners in 1899, but thinking weapons could not harm them were crushed by heavily armed foreign troop; sparked other rebellions, increased foreign influence in China, after she died last Qing emperor forced to abdicate his throne in 1912 after revolution broke out autumn 1911

1911 Rebellion

Chinese rebellion that forced the last Qing emperor forced to abdicate his throne in 1912

Mizuno Tadakuni

Shogun's chief advisor who initiated measures so stem growing social and economic decline and to shore up the Tokugawa government from 1841-1843, strong opposition drove him from office

Matthew Perry

American commander who arrived in Japan in 1853 with a naval squadron, guns pointed at Edo and demanded a treaty for diplomatic and commercial relations and to sign a treaty of friendship

Treaty of Kanagawa

(?) 1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

Meiji Restoration

(?) the political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Prominent Meiji-era traveler who was a member of the Japanese mission to the US, traveled Europe, reported observations in a series of popular publications; studied foreign constitutions and legal systems, argued strongly for equality before law in Japan

the Diet

Japan's bicameral legislature composed of a lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the House of Councillors

Cecil Rhodes

(1853-1902) an imperialist who, like many others, made a fortune on gold and diamonds then worked tirelessly on behalf of British imperial expansion thinking it was the crucial for Britain's success

Imperialism

increasingly popular in 1880s, referred to the domination of European powers—later the US and Japan as well—over subject lands in the large world

rubber

This type of tree is native to Amazon River Basin, rubber plantations established in the Congo River Basin, Malaya and an important material in industrialization

petroleum

(?) Important natural resource needed during industrialization

Suez Canal

Constructed 1859-1869 connecting the Mediterrenean to the Red Sea, enhanced effectiveness of steamships & facilitated the building and maintenance of empires by allowing ships to travel rapidly across the ocean, lowered cost of trade

Panama Canal

Constructed 1904-1914 allowing ships to go through Latin America and not all the way around South America, enhanced effectiveness of steamships & facilitated the building and maintenance of empires by allowing ships to travel rapidly across the ocean, lowered cost of trade

maxium gun

A light and powerful weapon that fired 11 bullets/sec. that was adopted in 1880s, gave Europeans stronger arsenals that any other in the world

Omdurman

(??) city in northeast-central sudan on the white nile opposite ot Khartoum. Anglo-Egyptian forces defeated Sudanese native forces here in 1898

telegraph

This invention made communication much faster, by 1830s land cables, by 1850s submarine cables allowed transport overseas of telegraphs and by 1870 a telegraph from Britain could reach India in 5 hrs.

EEIC

British company that took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s after originally being invited by the Mughals to set up trading posts on the coastlines of India

tea

one of the most prominent trading items traded at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay by the British

Battle of Plassey

(?) the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal

Sepoy Rebellion

arose after discontent sepoys rebelled igniting an anti-British revolution in central and north India by people whose lives had been disrupted by British rule; led to a full revolutionary war against British, who won and signed a peace treaty in July 1858

Queen Victoria

(r. 1837-1901) assigned responsibility for Indian policy to the newly establish secretary of State for India in 1858

viceroy

represented British authority and administered colony thru an elite Indian Civil Service staffed by nearly all British while Indians held only low-level bureaucratic positions

sati

Hindu practice of burning widows, British worked to abolished this in India

the Great Game

British term referring to competition between Britain and Russia in central Asia in a risky pursuit of intelligence and influence by imperialist adventurers and military officers

Dutch East Indies

Colony controlled by the Dutch East India company exported cash crops of sugar, tea, coffee, and tobacco, plus rubber and tin making it a valuable colony

Singapore

Port founded 1824, administered by Indian colonial officials and was base for conquest of Malaya, 1870s which provided abundant supplies of tin and rubber and allowed the British navy controlled Indian Ocean to S. China Sea sea lanes

Burma

British-dominated colony in SE Asia established 1880s after initial Indian colonial officials had conflict with them valuable exports of teak, ivory, rubies, jade

Malaya

British colony conquered in the 1870s which provided abundant supplies of tin rubber

Siam

SE Asian kingdom left in place as buffer between British-dominated Burma and French Indochina

French Indochina

French colony created, 1859-1893 consisting of the modern states of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos

David Livingstone

a Scottish minister and missionary who traveled throughout Africa in mid-19th C, set up mission posts

Henry Morton Stanley

Early imperialist explorer who undertook a well-publicized expedition to find Livingstone and report on Livingstone was later sent by Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870s called Congo Free State

Leopold II

(r. 1865-1909) King of Belgium who employed Henry Morton Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called the Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River, known for his brutal treatment of African natives

Congo Free State

Colony created by Henry Morton Stanley (who was sent by King Leopold II) in the Congo that was a free-trade zone accessible to all European merchants and businesspeople

Boers

Dutch farmers who first settled South Africa in the 17th century

the Greak Trek

Journey taken by Afrikaners leaving their farms and heading eastward and inland to claim new lands caused British-Dutch tensions

voortrekkers

Afrikaner pioneers whose expansion often led to violent conflict with natives, but overcame Ndeble and Zulu resistance, thought success was God approved of their conquest and established Orange Free State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860

resource curse

(?-not sure exactly) problem African nations had because if they possessed resources, more European nations wanted to conquer them and exploit their resources

Boer War

(1899-1902) War caused by discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner lands around the 1870s that led to tensions between the British and the Afrikaners where the British defeated Afrikaners although many native causalities on both sides

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) European powers set rules for carving Africa into colonies, others such as Americans were there to convey international approval but no Africans were present

concessionary companies

earliest form of rule granted considerable authority to private companies, empowered them to build plantations, mines, railroads, made use of forced labor and taxation, as in Belgian Congo, but were unprofitable so were often replaced by more direct rule

indirect rule

Control over subjects through local institutions, British model with Frederick D. Lugard (1858-1945), a British colonial administrator who was the driving force between this style of rule

direct rule

Model of colonial rule, replacing local rulers with Europeans, was the French model in French West Africa justified by "civilizing mission", aimed to remove African leaders and replacing them with more malleable rulers but was hard to find enough European personnel to rule over the large area, long distances, slow transport, poor communications made this model often ineffective

Frederick Lugard

(1858-1945) British colonial administrator who was the driving force between this style of rule author of "The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa" (1992) stressing moral and financial advantages of indirect rule

James Cook

British navigator who claimed Australia for the British in 1770, as well as discovered several other Pacific Islands

New South Wales

Colony established on Australia by Captain James Cook of mainly convicts who supported themselves through sheep herding

White Australia Policy

(?) policy limiting immigration of non-white peoples to Australia

terra nullius

"Land belonging to no one", what the British considered Australia because nomads did not occupy land permanently that they could take and use for their own purposes

Treaty of Waitangi

(1840) Treaty that supposedly put NZ under British protection but was interpreted differently by both parties and led to British colonial control and constant conflict with Maori

Kingitanga

(?) Movement to create a Maori King to rival the power of the governor. Seen as treasonous and dangerous by the governors

copra

Product produced on island plantations, dired coconut which produced high-quality vegetable oil for the manufcture of soap, candles, lubricants

guano

Product produced on island plantations, bird droppings that made an excellent fertilizer

Monroe Doctrine

1823 proclamation by US president James Monroe warning European states against imperialist designs into the western hemisphere, essentially declared US as an Americas protectorate, justified later intervention into hemispheric affairs

Queen Lili'uokalani

(r. 1891-1893) Hawaiian Queen who invited US to annex the islands, formally annexed in 1898

Spanish-American War

(1898-99) War that broke out after anticolonial tensions arose in Cuba, Puerto Rico; the US easily defeated Spain & took over Cuba, Puerto Rico then Guam, Philippines; established colonial rule

Emilio Aguinaldo

the "George Washington of the Philippines" led Filipino rebels in an armed attack on the US

Roosevelt Corollary

added to Monroe Doctrine exerted US right to intervene in domestic affairs of nations within the hemisphere if they showed an inability to maintain security needed to protect US investments