Dimensions-Last Quiz & Test

1/3

More than ___ of adults in the US have some form of heart & blood vessel disease

15-20

Sudden cardiac death & arrhythmia account for _-_% of all deaths

Cardiovascular disease

Array of conditions that affect the heart & blood vessels

Heart disease

Leading cause of death for men, women, & people of most racial & ethnic groups

Stroke

Condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or ruptures, resulting in severely restricted blood flow that deprives brain tissue of oxygen & nutrients

Peripheral vascular disease

Narrowing of the peripheral blood vessels; driven by atherosclerosis, leading to macro & microvascular dysfunction

Peripheral arterial disease

Chronic progressive atherosclerotic disease leading to partial or total peripheral vascular occlusion

Coronary heart disease / CHD

Condition in which the arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen & nutrients are narrowed by fatty deposits, such as cholesterol & triglycerides

Coronary heart disease

Most common form and leading cause of death of cardiovascular disease

Angioplasty

Procedure where a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted & inflated to widen the inner lumen of the artery

Electrocardiogram

Measures the heart’s function & is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Stress Electrocardiogram

Graded exercise stress test where the workload is increased gradually until the individual reaches maximal fatigue, with BP & 12-lead EKG monitoring throughout test

Recovery ECG

Monitors return of the heart’s activity to normal conditions

Cholesterol

Waxy substance found in animal fats & oil; used in making cell membranes, as building blocks for some hormones, fatty sheath around nerve fibers, & other substances

Triglycerides

Fats formed by glycerol & three fatty acids; also called free fatty acids

Blood lipids

Consist of cholesterol & triglycerides

HDL

Help clear cholesterol from the blood; “good” cholesterol

LDL

Tends to increase blood cholesterol by releasing it, leading to plaque formation in arteries; “bad” cholesterol

VLDL

Triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipid-transporting molecules in the blood

Chylomicrons

Triglyceride-transporting molecules

Atherosclerosis

Fatty or cholesterol deposits in the walls of arteries, leading to formation of plaque

Myocardial infarction

Damage to or death of an area of the heart muscle as a result of an obstructed artery; heart attack

Angina pectoris

Chest pain

75

Typical symptoms of heart disease do not start until arteries are about __% blocked

Reverse cholesterol transport

HDL molecules help prevent plaque from forming in the arteries by attaching to cholesterol & carrying it to the liver where it is changed to bile & eventually excreted into the stool

<200

Desirable total cholesterol level

<100

Optimal LDL cholesterol level

>/= 60

High HDL cholesterol level (optimal)

400-600 mg

The average adult in the US eats about ___ of dietary cholesterol per day

Saturated fats

Found in mostly meats & dairy products

Trans fats

Found in fried foods, margarine, & baked goods (crackers, biscuits, pies)

Unsaturated fats

Mainly of plant origin & cannot be converted to cholesterol

<1%

American Heart Association dietary guidelines recommend limiting trans fat intake to __ of total daily caloric intake

25-38g

Total daily intake of fiber to lower LDL cholesterol

25-35

Percent fat of total daily caloric intake to lower LDL cholesterol

7

Number of servings of fruits & vegetables per day to lower LDL cholesterol

Soluble fiber

Dissolves in water & forms a gel-like substance that encloses food particles; binds to fat & bile acids and excretes them from the body; shown to lower LDL cholesterol

Poly & monounsaturated fats

Typically liquid at room temperature; in fish, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

Triglycerides

Make up most of the fat in our diet & most of the fat circulating in the blood

<150

Desirable level of triglycerides

140; 35

LDL phenotype B have triglyceride levels above ___ & HDL levels below ___

Homocysteine

Amino acid that builds proteins & carry out cellular metabolism; is metabolized quickly; may lead to plaque formation & blocked arteries when accumulated into blood

C reactive protein

Levels measured to assess for ongoing inflammation

C reactive protein

Protein produced in the liver whose blood levels increase with injury or irritation anywhere in the body

Plac blood test

Measures level of lipo-protein-associated phospholipids A2 & indicates risk of plaque rupture

Phospholipase A2

An enzyme produced inside a plaque when the arteries are inflamed

Metabolic syndrome

Array of metabolic abnormalities that contribute to development of atherosclerosis triggered by insulin resistance

1/5

About ___ of adult population is affected by metabolic syndrome

Blood pressure

The measure of the force exerted against the walls of blood vessels by the blood flowing through them; measured in mmHG

Systolic

Pressure exerted against walls of arteries during forceful contraction of heart

Diastolic

Pressure exerted against walls of arteries during relaxation phase of the heart

120/80 or lower

Ideal blood pressure

Hypertension

Chronically elevated blood pressure

1/3

Approx. ___ adults are hypertensive

20/10

CVD risk doubles with each BP increase of ___

10

Percentage of hypertension caused by pathological conditions

90

Percentage of hypertension that has no definite cause; “essential hypertension”

Moderate 150 min/week; 40-60% HRR

Aerobic exercise recommendation for adults with hypertension

12-15 reps of somewhat hard; 8-10 multi-joint exercises 2-3 days/week

Strength training recommendation for individuals with hypertension

Tobacco use/smoking

Single largest preventable cause of illness & premature death in US

20

Approx. __% of all deaths from CVD are attributed to smoking

Catecholamines

Body responds to stress by producing:

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

“Fight or flight” hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels to enable a person to take action

55

Genetic predisposition for premature CHD age for heart attack in males

65

Genetic predisposition for premature CHD age for heart attack in females

40 or higher

HDL cholesterol level to lower risk of CVD & cardiac events

<100

LDL cholesterol level to lower risk of CVD & cardiac events

Stress

Body’s mental, emotional, and physiological response to any new, threatening, frightening, or exciting situation; prepares the organism to react to the event

Immunity

The function that guards the body from invaders, both internal & external

Immune system

Patrols & guards the body against attackers; involves lymphocytes, antibodies, & immune system cells in the thymus gland, spleen, bone marrow, & lymph nodes

8

Most people require about __ hours of sleep

Eustress

Positive stress; health & performance continue to improve even as stress increases

Distress

Negative stress; unpleasant or harmful stress under which health & performance begin to deteriorate

General adaptation syndrome

The body’s adaptation to sustained stress

Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion/recovery

Three steps of stress adaptation

Alarm reaction

Immediate response to the stressor

Resistance

If stressor persists, the body copes effectively and meets the challenge of the stressor until it can be overcome

Exhaustion/recovery

Body drains reserves as it continues to resist stress; the body functions at diminished capacity until through a recovery period

Explanatory style

The manner people use to explain things that happen to them

Pessimism

Negative interpretation of events; can delay healing time & worsen course of illness

Optimism

Positively interprets events; increases strength of immunity

Self esteem

How you view and assess yourself

High self esteem

Feeling good about one’s capabilities; boosts immune system & aids healing

Low self-esteem

Influences whether and for how long people get sick; worsens chronic pain

Type A

Hard-driving, overambitious, aggressive, at times hostile, overly competitive

Type B

Calm, casual, relaxed, easy-going

Type C

As highly stressed as Type A, but not at higher risk for disease than Type B

Health, social support, self-worth, nurturance

Factors influencing vulnerability

Technostress

Tech-related stress resulting form inability to cope with technology in a healthy way

Fight or flight

Physiological response of the body to stress that prepares the individual to take action by stimulating the body’s vital defense systems

Yoga

Seeks to help the individual attain a higher level of spirituality and peace of mind

Tai chi

Promotes serenity through gentle, balanced, low-impact movements bringing together the mind, body, & emotions

Endorphins

Morphine-like substances released from the pituitary gland during prolonged aerobic exercise

Progressive muscle relaxation

Stress management technique that involves sequential contraction & relaxation of muscle groups through the body; helps person become more alert to signs of distress

Visual imagery

Mental visualization of relaxing images to induce body relaxation in times of stress or as an aid in the treatment of certain medical conditions

Autogenic training

A form of self-suggestion; individual places themself in autohypnotic state by repeating and concentrating on feelings of heaviness and warmth in the extremities

Meditation

Stress management technique used to gain control over one’s attention by clearing the mind & blocking out stressors responsible for increased tension

Hatha yoga

Incorporates specific sequences of static stretching postures to help induce relaxation response