Ch2 - Ecology and Sustainable Development - Ecology and Ecosystems

Abiotic factors making up the environment of an organism are:

insolation or sunlight - climate - geology

The most important macromolecules in living species are:

proteins - nucleic acids - carbohydrates - lipids

Major macromolecules in living species are proteins, water, sodium chloride, lipids, glucose and carbohydrates.

proteins - carbohydrates - lipids

combination of several atoms bound together is called..

molecule

A structure in an organism composed of several tissues and specialised for a particular function is called..

Organ

Proteins are formed by chains of..

Amino Acids

The building stones of proteins are..

Amino acids

The percentage of the human genome identical with the genes of shimpanzees is 90; 99; 99,9 or 99,99%.

99%

The human DNA contains 1 million, 100 million, 1 billion or 3 billion base pairs

3 billion base pairs

The human DNA contains 1.000, 10.000 million, 23.000 or 100.000 genes.

23000 genes

The difference in the DNA sequence between various people of the human race amounts to 0,1; 1; 10 or 50%.

0,1%

Human DNA consist of 3 billion..

base pairs

The whole set of genes is called..

genome

All hereditary information is contained in the..

DNA

Protein production is directed by the nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and..

Ribonucleic acid or RNA

Regions of the DNA which perform the particular coding functions are called..

Genes

Atmospheric pressure is a direct result of the … of the air.

Weight

…% of the 23.000 genes of humans are identical with those of the chimpanzees

99

The … is the whole set of genes of an organism and is divided into chromosomes.

Genome

Fixing of molecular nitrogen from air is done by special fungi, bacteria, specific plant cells or phytoplankton.

bacteria

Which of the following structural elements are present in procariotic cells: cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a membrane-bound nucleus encapsulating the DNA.

cell wall - cytoplasm - ribosomes

Bacteria in respect to their cell structure belong to the group of..

prokaryotes

The organelles in eukariotic cells are:

nucleus - mitochondria - chloroplasts - ribosomes

The energy carrier for living cells produced in mitochondria with oxygen is chlorophyll, CO2, adenosine triphosphate or haemoglobin

adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following structural elements are present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: cell wall, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a membrane-bound nucleus encapsulating the DNA.

cytoplasm - ribosomes

Which of the following structural elements are present only in eukaryotic cells: cell wall, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a membrane-bound nucleus encapsulating the DNA.

mitochondria - membrane bound nucleus

A structure inside an eukariotic cell performing a specific function is called..

organelle

In respect to their cell structure complex living species belong to the group of..

eukaryotes

Animals, plants, fungi have … cells.

eukaryotic

Mitochondria extract … from sugar and fat.

energy

Chloroplasts produce … from carbon dioxide and water

glucose or sugar

Ribosomes synthesise..

proteins

The catalyst for producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water in chloroplasts of plant cells is called..

chlorophyll

Photosynthesis takes place in cell organelles called..

chloroplasts

The largest number of cells in a human body belong to the liver, blood, nerves or immune system

blood

Important cells of immune system are erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, monocytes.

macrophages - lymphocytes - monocytes

A … is a climatically and geographically defined area of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms.

biome

Major biomes of Europe are boreal forest, desert, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, savanna, chapparal.

boreal forest - temperate deciduous forest - chaparral

Major biomes of Africa are tundra, desert, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, temperate grassland, savanna.

desert - tropical rain forest - savanna

Important terrestrial biomes are:

tundra - boreal forest - temperate deciduous forest - tropical rainforest - savanna - desert

The temperate deciduous forest grows in a climate which has extremely cold winters, dry summers, stable seasonal precipitation or high winter precipitation.

stable seasonal precipitation

The savanna – typical for large areas in Africa - grows in a climate which has extremely cold winters, wet summers, stable seasonal precipitation or high winter precipitation.

wet summers

The tropical rain forest grows in a climate which has stable lower temperatures, dry summers, high and stable seasonal precipitation or little winter precipitation.

high and stable seasonal precipitation

An ecologically defined area inhabited by a particular species is called a..

habitat

The major biogeographic regions of Austria are atlantic, mediterranean, alpine, boreal, continental.

alpine - continental

The two largest biogeographic regions of Europe are the Atlantic, Continental, Mediterranean, Alpine and Boreal regions.

continental - boreal

Massive damages of coral reefs are..

bleaching of corals - loss of species diversity

A natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical factors of the environment is called an..

Ecosystem

Evolution of our biosphere began 1,5; 2,5; 3,5 or 4,5 billion years ago.

3,5 billion years ago

The biosphere comprises all the earth’s..

living species or living organisms

The movement of the tectonic plates of the earth’s crust lead to:

volcanic activity - earthquakes - tsunamis

The lithosphere consists mainly of iron oxides, metallic nickel, silicates or carbohydrates

silicates

The temperature in the core of our earth is about 2.000, 3.000, 5.000 or 10.000°C.

5000 °C

The mass of the earth is responsible for the magnetic field, the ocean currents, composition of the atmosphere or the gravitational field.

gravitational field

The annual movement of the tectonic plates is in the order of some millimeters, centimeters, meters or kilometers.

centimeters per year

The crust of the earth consists mainly of metallic iron, metallic nickel, magnesium-iron- silicates, calcium carbonate.

magnesium iron silicates

Movement of the tectonic plates leads to global warming, volcanic activities, reduction of biodiversity, earthquakes, significant changes in the ocean currents, tsunamis or extreme weather events.

volcanic activities - earthquakes - tsunamis

The solid outermost shell of our earth is called the..

lithosphere

The outer lithosphere of our earth consists mainly of these chemical compounds:

magnesium iron silicates

The core of our earth consists mainly of..

iron and nickel

The gravitational field is determined by the … of the earth

mass

The very high dipole moment of the water molecule gives water special important properties:

high solubility for salts and nutrients - high heat capacity - liquid state under normal terrestrial temperatures - maximum density at 4°C

The maximum density of water is at -10°C, 0°C, 4°C or 100°C.

4°C

The water molecule has a very high dipole moment giving water special properties like low solubility for gases like CO2, high solubility for salts, low boiling point compared to other chemical compounds of similar molecular weight (like methane), high heat capacity of the oceans, blue colour of rivers like the Danube.

high solubility for salts - high heat capacity of oceans

Seawater in respect to its pH-value is neutral, slightly acidic, slightly basic or strongly basic.

slighty basic

Unpolluted rain water in respect to its pH-value is neutral, slightly acidic, slightly basic or strongly acidic.

slighty acidic

Acidity is expressed as a pH value: pH =

minus logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

The pH scale comprises … orders of magnitude.

14

Acidic water has a pH value below …

7

According to the presently best establish theory the ocean waters of our planet originate from outer space comets, extreme weather event in prehistoric times, water bound in minerals of the earth, reaction of hydrogen with oxygen during the early cooling period of our planet.

water bound in minerals of the earth

The large amounts of water on our earth most likely originate from bombardment by asteroids, impact of comets, outgassing of crystalline water from minerals of the mantle, or reactions in our atmosphere.

outgassing of crystalline water from minerals of the mantle

Without the green house effect caused by water vapour in our atmosphere to average temperature on our earth would be 5, 10, 30 or 50°C lower.

30 °C lower

Approximately 60, 70, 75 or 80% of the Earth is covered by water.

70%

The average content of water in the atmosphere is 1, 2, 5 or 10%.

2%

Without the greenhouse effect caused by water vapour Earth's average surface temperature would be … °C lower.

30

The last ice age ended about 1 million, 100.000, 10.000 or 1.000 years ago.

10 000 years ago

During the ice ages the average global temperature was typically 1, 5 , 8 or 10°C lower than now

8 °C lower

The last ice age ended around … BC.

10 000

1, 3, 5 or 10% of the global water resources is fresh water.

3%

The average salt content of ocean water is 1, 2, 3.5 or 10%.

3,5%

The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the West coast of North America, the Carribean and North-Eastern coast of South America, South East Asia or Western Europe.

western Europe

The Gulf stream originated by updwelling of warmer water in the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean, the Pacific Ocean.

caribbean

The Gulf Stream is largely driven by: the magnetic field of the earth, the composition of the atmosphere, the amount of precipitation, the global thermohaline circulation, the trade winds.

Global thermohaline circulation

The Gulf Stream influences the climate along the East coast of South America, the West coast of Europe, the seashores of Japan, the East coast of North America.