CSD350: Test 2

diphthong

When two vowels are in close proximity, they produce a special kind of phoneme called a

4-6 months

When can infants imitate tone and pitch and begin babbling?

reduplicated babbling

Babbling at 6-7 months turns into long strings of consonant-vowel syllable repetitions, such as
ma-ma-ma-ma”.

CV simplification

What do young children use to simplify words?

4

Most phonological patterns that toddlers use disappear by age

continue

Children who experience phonological differences will

jargon

strings of unintelligible speech sounds with the intonational pattern of adult speech

phonological impairments

disorders of conceptualization or language rules

6 (75% of preschool children)

What age do children normalize their speech sound errors with or without treatment?

Childhood Apraxia of Speech

a neurological SSD that affects the ability to plan and program the movement sequences necessary for accurate speech production.

prosodic abnormalities

patterns of rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech are unusual

stimulability

the ability of an individual to produce the target phoneme when given focused auditory and visual cues; often a positive prognostic indicator

neuron

the basic unit of the central nervous system, consisting of the cell body, axon, and dendrites

cell body

where the work of the cell is accomplished

axon

transmits impulses away from the cell body to the next neuron

dendrites

several that branch off of the cell body and recieve impulses from other cells and transmit them towards the cell body

frontal lobe

decision making and motor control; home of executive function and working memory

parietal lobe

primary for storage and is important for memory and language processing

occipital lobe

important in visual processing

temporal lobe

important in incoming and outgoing language processing.

neural plasticity

the brain’s remarkable ability to reorganize its structure, functions, or connections in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli throughout life

the right hemisphere

Where is non-linguistic and paralinguistic information primarily processed?

Broca’s area

located in the left frontal area of the brain and responsible for working memory and enabling the motor cortex for speech

Wernicke’s area

located in the left temporal lobe of the brain and responsible for the processing of language

impairment in language ability

What is one of the primary characteristics of aphasia?

Wernicke’s aphasia

a fluent aphasia that is characterized by rapid-fire strings of sentences with little pause for acknowledgment or turn taking; content may seem to be a jumble and may be incoherent or incomprehensible, although fluent and well articulated

Broca’s aphasia

A non-fluent aphasia that is characterized by short sentences with agrammatism; anomia; problems with imitation of speech because of overall speech problems; slow, labored speech and writing; and articulation and phonological errors

anomic aphasia

a fluent aphasia characterized by naming difficulties and mild to moderate auditory comprehension problems

transcoritcal sensory aphasia

a rare fluent aphasia that is characterized by word substitutions, lack of nouns and sever anomia, and poor auditory comprehension but featuring the ability to repeat or imitate words, phrases, and sentences

transcortical motor aphasia

a non-fluent aphasia that is characterized by impaired conversational speech, good verbal imitative abilities, and mildly impaired auditory comprehension

global/mixed aphasia

a profound language impairment in all modalities as a result of brain damage

subcortical aphasia

results from damage to areas below the cerebral cortex, less predictable and often milder

stroke

The most common cause of aphasia is

primary progressive aphasia

a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive decline of language ability and use with initial preservation of both other mental functions and activities of daily living

auditory comprehension

What are the most frequent linguistic gains following a stroke?

in the first 3 months

Maximum spontaneous recover after stroke occurs when?

as soon as the patient is medically stable

When can you begin intervention for stroke?

Traumatic Brain Injury

a disruption of normal functioning caused by a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating jead injury, such as a firearms incident or suicide

1.7 million

How many people sustain a TBI yearly in the United States?

75%

Language may be affected in what percentage of individuals with TBI?

cognitive impairment

Umbrella term for a group of both pathological conditions and syndromes that result in the decline of memory and at least one other cognitive ability that is significant enough to interfere with daily life activities

5%

The lifetime incidence of stuttering is as high as

developmental stuttering

the most common form of stuttering; beginning in the preschool years

neurogenic stuttering

typically associated with neurological disease or trauma

2-3%

What is the prevalence of studying for preschool children?

2-5 years old

When does the onset of developmental stuttering occur?

Organic theories

What is the theory of stuttering proposing an actual physical cause for stuttering?

behavioral theory

What is the theory of stuttering asserts that stuttering is a learned response to conditions external to the individuals?

10 disfluencies per 100 words

How many repetitions of sound or word is considered stuttering?

6 weeks

If stuttering does not decrease _____________ after initiating indirect treatment for stuttering, direct treatment may be recommended.

light articulatory contact

instructing the speaker to use less tension in the articulators, particularly during production of stop consonants

prolonged speech

involves stretching out sounds and speaking more slowly and smoothly

pausing/phrasing

breaking speech into smaller chunks (phrases) and inserting intentional pauses

Response Contingent Time-Out

individual pausing briefly from speaking immediately after stuttering event

school age (6-8 years old)

When does fear and avoidance of stuttering begin to emerge?

70%

Stuttering intervention across all age groups results in an average improvement for about ________ of all cases, with preschool-age children improving more quickly and easily than people who have a longer history with suttering.