Chapter 11 HUN

Vitamin C

Also known as Ascorbic Acid; an antioxidant that enhances iron absorption and is involved in collagen formation.

Thiamin

Also known as B1; part of coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) involved in energy metabolism.

Riboflavin

Also known as B2; serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism and is involved in the formation of FMN and FAD.

Niacin

Also known as B3; plays a role in energy production and is important for DNA repair.

Folate

Also known as folic acid; essential for DNA synthesis and cell division.

Vitamin A

Also known as Retinol; a fat-soluble vitamin important for vision, immune function, and skin health.

Vitamin D

Also known as Calciferol; regulates calcium and phosphate in the body.

Vitamin E

Also known as Tocopherol; an antioxidant that protects cell membranes from damage.

Vitamin K

Also known as Phylloquinone; essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism.

Bioavailability

The extent and rate at which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action.

Deficiency disease

A condition resulting from a lack of essential nutrients; for example, beriberi from thiamin deficiency.

Toxicity

The degree to which a substance can harm humans or animals; excessive intake of vitamins can lead to adverse effects.

Coenzymes

Molecules that assist enzymes; without coenzymes, enzymes cannot function.

Antioxidant

A substance that inhibits oxidation and can protect the body from damage by free radicals.

Provitamins

Substances that can be converted into vitamins in the body.

Scurvy

A disease caused by vitamin C deficiency, characterized by symptoms such as bleeding gums and joint pain.

Beriberi

A deficiency disease resulting from a lack of thiamin, characterized by muscle wasting and cardiovascular complications.

Ariboflavinosis

A deficiency disease caused by a lack of riboflavin, leading to symptoms like sore throat and cracks at the corners of the mouth.

Neural tube defects

Serious birth defects of the brain and spine caused by a mother's lack of folate.

UL

Upper Limit; the maximum daily intake of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects.