Urogenital System

cortico-

bark

medullo-

marrow like pyramids

pyelo-

pelvis “kidney”

uretero-

small canal

balano-

clitoris or glans penis

colpo-, vagino-

vagina

cyesis-. gravido-

pregnancy

gonado-, gono-, semino-

seed producer

parto-, tocio-

birth

andr/o-, anthropo-

man, human

chordo- cordo-

spermatic cord or vas deferens

orchido-, orchio-

testes or gonad

testis-

witness

glomeruli in nephrons

capillary structures which filter out salts, chemicals, and fluids

podocytes

specialized cells with octopus like feet form a selective filtration barrier

cystitis

inflammation of a sac, it usually refers to an infection of the urinary bladder, may be acute or chronic with pain

can be caused by e coli, acute cystitis caused by proximity of anus to urethra meatus

treated with antix

py/uria

pus in the urine

calculi

aka stones, they cause inflammation of the mucus membrane tissues

come in shapes and sizes, like smooth, staghorn, and jagged

stone passing through urethra can be painful

caused by hereditary factors, diet, long term catheter, chronic UTIs, nerve injury that impairs bladder function

Hydro/nephr/osis

water/kidney/condition

collection of urine in renal pelvis, ureter outflow is obstructed and urine backs up into pelvis and calyces

distention of kidney is it causes a cyst to form and nephron atrophy

surgery required to correct obstruction

dx with US, CT, MRI, urine test

Bruised Kidney

bruise- contusion

symptoms include pain, swelling, discoloration, and hemorrhaging that may cause kidney failure

may need dialysis or transplant

In/contin/ence

inability to retain urine, feces, or semen

caused by loss of sphincter control, cerebral disorders, brain and spinal cord lesions, disease factors, and psychological factors

en/uresis= involuntary urination, nocturnal bed wetting

can be complete, partial

pituitary

phlegm

scroto-

pouch or sac

prostate gland

gland that surrounds the neck of bladder and the highest part of the urethra

firm structure composed of muscular and grandular tissue

produces secretion that liquefies coagulated semen

contracts during orgasm and assist in ejaculation from the urethra

circumsision

surgical removal of the end of the prepuce of penis or prepuce of the clitoris

sometimes used to treat phimosis or balanitis (inflamed penis) in adult males

females circumcisions is very dangerous foe women

vasectomy

process of cutting the vas deferens so sperm cannot be carried up and out of male

clipping of the vessel is removed and the ends are burnt or cauterized

prostate cancer

slowly progressing form of adenocarcinoma that generally affects older males

PSA test is sued w MRIs and proctoscopic exams for dx

may be treated with radiation therapy, cryosurgery, chemo. prostatectomy, hormone therapy

prostatic hyperplasia

increase in size of tissue of the prostate

may cause difficulty urination, frequent urination, urgent urination and incomplete emptying of the bladder

may require prostatectomy

Phimosis

muzzling

stenosis/narrowing of the prepuce orifice such that you cannot pull the skin back

etiology: infections, treated with circumcision, steroid gels and ointments

para/phimosis= inability to reposition the foreskin after it has been retracted, can result in diminished blood flow to the tissues and gangrene

orchitis

test.inflamed

caused by mumps, TB, syphilis, or other STI such as gonorrhea

pt is confined to bed and testes are immobilized

characterized by tissue atrophy, chills, gangrene vomiting, hiccups, delirium

Crypt/orchid/ism

hidden/testi/state

failure of one or both testes to descent into the scrotum, this leads to abnormal sperm and hormone production

may be treated surgically to bring down and affix the testicle or testicles to the scrotum= orchidopexy

anorchidism is treated with testosterone replacement therapy and possibly prosthetic testicle implants

Epi/spadias

above/tear

congenital defect in the urethra that opens onto the dorsum of the penis above the glans penis

treatment: surgical restructuring of genital region to permit normal urination

in women, it is located by the separation of the labia minora dna fissure of the glans clitoris

saxo/phone penis

shape is similar to Peyronie’s disease, usually complicated by a mild pyogenic infection

results from various types of bacterial infections, including extensive cellulitis

inflammation leads to congestion and abnormal edema

Testicular Torsion

axial rotation of the spermatic cord that cuts off blood supply to the testicles, epididymis, and other structures

often caused by trauma, swelling often exacerbates this condition

ischemia for more than 6 hrs can cause gangrene, partial loss of blood can lead to atrophy

often on left side, seen during 1st year of life and during puberty

Hydro/cele

water/protrusion

accumulation of serous fluid in a sac-like cavity or serous tumors

11 types with acute form being the most common, occur between age 2-5, usually caused by the inflammation of the epididymis or testis

causes include filariasis, congenital or peritoneal fluid leakage

spermato/cele

cystic swelling of the epididymis and occasionally of the rete testis in the gonad

contains spermatozoa, or sperm

usually painless and requires no treatment unless complications develop

Varico/cele

dilation or enlargement of the pampiniform venous complex od the spermatic cord

forms a soft, spongy, elastic swelling that often causes pain

positive dx through palpation of the twisted engorged veins

Testicular Carcinoma

characterized by enlargement of the gonad, aching, lumps, and heavy feeling

4 types: seminoma, teratoma, embryonic, choriocarcinoma

higher risk: 15-34 yrs old, cryptorchidism, congenital abnormalities, toxins exposure, zinc

treatment: surgery, drugs, radiation, high survival rate

Teratoma

large monstrous tumor composed of different kinds of tissue not normally found in the teste

responds well to treatment if dx early

Testicular Exam:

• - palpate testes after warm shower to relax skin

• -view scrotal skin and testes in a mirror to detect swellings or nodes (if one is larger or lower)

• - place fingers under teste with thumb on top and roll gently looking for lumps or changes

• - feel the epididymis on top of testes. there is a normal small, painless, pea sized lump in front and to the side of the epididymis