US History to 1900 Final Exam Review

Jefferson

Was a Democratic-Republican who believed in limited, federal government, states’ rights, and agriculture and farming. Believed that a simple government best suited the needs of a republic. He reduced the size of the army, halted a planned expansion of the navy, and lowered expenses for government social functions. He rolled back Hamilton’s economic program by eliminating all internal taxes and reducing the influence of the Bank of the United States. He strongly favored free trade rather than government-controlled trade and tariffs. He believed that free trade would benefit the United States because the raw materials and food that Americans were producing were in short supply in Europe.

Why was the Election of 1800 called the Revolution of 1800?

The Election of 1800 was called the “Revolution of 1800”, because power peacefully transferred from one political party to another.

Democratic Republicans

Jefferson’s Republicans, who were the ancestors of today’s Democratic Party.

Federalists

Those who shared Hamilton’s vision of a strong central government.

Strict construction

Championed by Thomas Jefferson. Argued that if the Constitution did not explicitly grant the federal government a power, that power was reserved for the states or the people.

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory from France.The United States doubled in size. The purchase gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans.

Lewis and Clark

An expedition commissioned by President Jefferson to explore the West. Setting out from St. Louis, Missouri, in 1804, the expedition traveled overland to the Pacific Ocean.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Persuaded Spain to return the Louisiana Territory, which it had received from France in 1762. Napoleon had abandoned his hopes for an American empire. He had failed to reconquer France’s most important island colony, Saint Domingue (now known as Haiti).

Causes of War of 1812

British impressment of American sailors. British support of Native Americans. American desire to expand westward.

Effects of War of 1812

Increased nationalism. Growth of American manufacturing. Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner”.

Impressment

The practice of seizing Americans at sea and impressing, or drafting them into the British navy.

Nationalism

A sense of pride in one’s country.

Key Ideas of Era of Good Feelings

Time period after the War of 1812 with strong nationalism. One major political party dominated the country. Economic growth and westward expansion increased.

James Monroe

Was sent by Jefferson to join American ambassador, Robert Livingston in Paris.

Henry Clay

Created a new economic plan called the American system. He formed the Whig party.

American System

Henry Clay’s plan to encourage economic growth as the country expanded westward. Based on 3 things -economic protection, internal improvements & the creation of the Second National Bank.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Warned European nations not to colonize in the Americas.The United States promised to stay out of European affairs.

Andrew Jackson

Expanded voting rights for white men. Represented the “common man. Increased presidential power.

Spoils system

Incoming officials throw out former appointees and replace them with their own friends.

Universal white male suffrage

Adult white men were granted the right to vote, regardless of their wealth or property ownership.

Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears

The government forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River. Thousands of Cherokee died during the Trail of Tears.

Indian Removal Act

The federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west.

Trail of Tears

Where the Cherokee had buried more than a quarter of their people along.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina claimed states could ignore federal laws. Jackson believed the Union must stay together.

Nullification

States had the rights to nullify, or consider void any act of Congress they considered to be unconstitutional.

Market Revolution

New technology improved transportation and communication. Factories and cities grew.