AP Pysch Unit 11

What is stress?

The arousal of one's mind and body in response to demands made upon them.

What is negative stress also known as?

Distress

What is positive stress called?

Eustress

What is the study of stress on the mind and body called?

Psychoneuroimmunology

What is a stressor?

The event or situation that produces stress.

Name one type of stressor.

Catastrophes, Daily Hassles, Significant Life Changes, Conflict.

What are the top two stressful life events according to the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory?

Spouse's death and divorce.

What is approach-approach conflict?

A conflict where both options are positive.

What is avoidance-avoidance conflict?

Choosing the lesser of two evils between two undesirable alternatives.

What is approach-avoidance conflict?

When a choice has both good and bad aspects.

What is multiple approach-avoidance conflict?

A complex conflict where each alternative has both advantages and disadvantages.

What is occupational burnout?

A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion typically found in human service professions.

What are the three stages of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm Reaction, Resistance Stage, Exhaustion Stage.

What happens during the alarm reaction stage?

The sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenaline is released.

What is the effect of chronic stress on the immune system?

It suppresses the activity of the immune system.

What are two types of headaches caused by stress?

Muscle-tension headaches and migraine headaches.

How is stress connected to coronary heart disease?

Stress can lead to smoking, overeating, and job strain, which are risk factors.

What role do B lymphocytes play in the immune system?

They form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.

What are some other effects of stress being researched?

Forgetfulness, irritability, hair loss, depression, anxiety, insomnia.

What is problem-focused coping?

Seeing stress as a problem to be solved and working on solutions.

What is emotion-focused coping?

Managing emotional reactions to stress as a means of coping.

What are emotion-focused coping strategies?

Strategies that may include deep breathing, meditation, or medication aimed at reducing stressful emotional responses.

What is defensive coping?

Coping strategies that can include substance abuse, aggression, withdrawal, self-mutilation, and suicide.

What are active coping strategies?

Strategies that involve changing stressful thoughts, relaxation, meditation, exercise, massages, hobbies, and altruism.

What is the tend-and-befriend theory?

The theory that some people react to stress by tending to their own needs and/or the needs of others, often seeking connection, particularly seen in women.

List some stress reduction techniques.

Learn to say 'no', avoid stressful people, take control of your environment, prioritize tasks, break projects into small steps, and ensure daily enjoyment.

What is positive psychology?

The study of human strengths and well-being, focusing on factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive.

What does subjective well-being refer to?

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

What is the Feel Good, Do Good Phenomenon?

The tendency of people to be helpful when they are in a good mood.

What is flow theory?

The concept that being fully engaged in an activity leads to intrinsic motivation and enjoyment, often referred to as being in a state of flow.

What is gratitude?

The practice of recognizing and appreciating positive aspects of life and the kindness of others, which can enhance well-being.

What is the PERMA model?

A framework for well-being that includes Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishments.

What are the six core virtues in positive psychology?

Courage, Humanity, Justice, Temperance, Transcendence, and Wisdom.

What does the core virtue of Courage encompass?

Emotional strengths like bravery, honesty, zest, and perseverance.

What character strengths are associated with the core virtue of Humanity?

Kindness, social intelligence, and love.

What does the core virtue of Justice include?

Civic strengths such as fairness, leadership, and teamwork.

What strengths are part of the core virtue of Temperance?

Forgiveness, prudence, humility, and self-regulation.

What strengths are associated with the core virtue of Transcendence?

Appreciation of beauty and excellence, hope, humor, gratitude, and spirituality.

What cognitive strengths are included in the core virtue of Wisdom?

Creativity, curiosity, love of learning, perspective, and judgment.

What is posttraumatic growth?

Positive psychological change resulting from struggling with highly challenging life circumstances, leading to new meaning and personal strength.

What are the three types of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)?

Abuse, Neglect, Household dysfunction

What types of abuse are classified under ACEs?

Physical, emotional, and sexual abuse

What is household dysfunction in the context of ACEs?

Includes mental illness, mother treated violently, divorce, incarcerated relative, and substance abuse

What is the role of the Adrenal Medulla in stress response?

Secretes adrenaline during short-term stress response, activating the sympathetic nervous system

What physiological changes occur due to the Adrenal Medulla's response?

Blood vessels constrict, heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, digestive activity decreases, bronchioles dilate, and pupils dilate

What is the function of the Adrenal Cortex in stress response?

Secretes stress hormones during long-term stress response, including glucocorticoids

What effects do glucocorticoids have on the body?

Break down fats and proteins for energy, increase glucose in the bloodstream, and suppress the immune system

What is repression in Freud's defense mechanisms?

Unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious

What does regression mean in the context of defense mechanisms?

Reverting back to immature behavior from an earlier stage of development

Define displacement as a defense mechanism.

Redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target

What is sublimation in Freud's defense mechanisms?

Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior

What does reaction formation involve?

Acting in exactly the opposite way to one's unacceptable impulses

Define projection as a defense mechanism.

Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others

What is rationalization in the context of defense mechanisms?

Creating false excuses for one's unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behavior

What characterizes Type A personality?

Competitiveness, urgency, and hostility

What characterizes Type B personality?

Relaxed, non-competitive, and easy-going

What is one outcome of post-traumatic growth?

A greater appreciation of life

How can post-traumatic growth improve relationships?

By fostering a sense of closeness and compassion with others

What new possibilities can arise from post-traumatic growth?

New interests, a new life path, or a willingness to make positive changes

What personal strength is gained through post-traumatic growth?

The knowledge that one can handle difficult situations and rely on oneself

How can spirituality change as a result of post-traumatic growth?

Through a deeper understanding of spirituality or stronger faith than before