Measuring and Improving Global Development Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to measuring development, economic theories, causes of global inequality, and development schemes.

Development

The idea of what 21st Century life should consist of, including essentials like access to clean water and electricity, as well as access to services and opportunities.

GDP and GDP per capita

Economic indicators that measure wealth and mean wealth through income; high figures may represent a productive workforce but can be skewed by rich minorities.

Poverty Line

An economic indicator representing the number of people earning less than $1.90$ per day.

Economic Inequality

The difference in wealth between the richest $10\%$ and the poorest $10\%$ of a population.

Life Expectancy

A social indicator that estimates how long a person will live from birth based on predicted advances, current services, and the risk of diseases.

Literacy Rate

A social indicator measuring the quality of education, which correlates to economic output as better-educated workforces tend to earn higher wages.

Infant Mortality Rate

A social indicator reflecting the quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children by measuring the survival of the most vulnerable members of society.

Pollution Levels

An environmental indicator showing the volume of pollution in air and water, reflecting a country's wastefulness and technological efficiency.

Area of Woodland/ Green Space

An environmental indicator where the proportion of land lost or gained reflects a government's attitude toward the environment.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite measure ranking countries between $0$ and $1$ based on income and inequality, levels of education, and life expectancy.

Rostow’s Modernisation Theory

A model suggesting all countries follow a five-stage pathway of economic growth to become developed.

Traditional Society

The first stage of Rostow's model where the economy is based on primary industries like agriculture and fishing with low levels of technology.

Pre-conditions for Take Off

The second stage of Rostow's model where a countryเริ่มs to create resources in global demand, such as minerals or cotton, for future profit.

Take Off

The third stage of Rostow's model marked by rapid industrialization, increased business investment, and the shift from agriculture to regular-income industry jobs.

Drive to Maturity

The fourth stage of Rostow's model where the government uses tax revenue to improve the country and control problems like pollution, poverty, and sweatshops.

High Mass Consumption

The final stage of Rostow's model where high average incomes allow families to afford luxury items and access high-quality healthcare and schools.

Brandt Line

A line that divides the world into developed northern hemisphere countries and developing southern hemisphere countries.

Frank’s Dependency Model

A model showing how the 'core' becomes richer by trading manufactured goods while the 'periphery' remains poor by providing raw resources.

Topography

The shape of the land, such as being mountainous or flat, which affects where communities can live and the ease of building infrastructure.

Landlocked

A geographical condition of having no access to the sea, which often limits development due to an inability to trade by boat or fish.

Corruption

Dishonest conduct including bribes to officials or 'lost' aid money, which accounts for approximately $5\%$ of global GDP.

Top-Down Projects

Large-scale, expensive constructions agreed upon by governments and international businesses to improve fundamental needs like electricity or transport.

Bottom-Up Projects

Smaller-scale projects organized by NGOs aimed at helping individual families and communities directly, often funded by voluntary donations.

NGO (Non-government organisation)

Charities or universities that organize bottom-up projects to reduce poverty and inequality at a community level.