chapter 3 - psych

theory of evolution by natural selection

survival of the fittest

egg and sperm

zygote 23 chromosomes

evolutionary psychology

how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive process evolve overtime

behavorial genetics

focus on individual difference arise through interaction of genes and environment

genetic variation

genetic difference between individuals contributes to species adapt to environment

DNA

helix molecules made up of nucleotide pairs

chromosomes

long strings of genetic material DNA

gene

sequences of DNA determine or partially pysical characterisitcs

allele

specific verison of gene

phenotype

physical characteristic

genotype

genetic makeup

polygenic

controlled by more than 1 gene

mutation

sudden permanent change in gene

range of reaction

gene sets boundaries and environment interacts with gene to determine where it falls in range

epigentics

study how one genotype expressed in diff ways of potential is achieved

epigenes

chemical compound created by individuals environment and behavior

fraternal

2 egg diff DNA diff sperm

identical

1 egg share DNA

nervous system

2 basic cell types, electrochemical communication system

neurons

interconnected info processes that are essential for tasks, central building blocks to nervous system

glial

support neurons scaffolding on which nervous system is built insulation transport neurons line up close

outer surface

stops larger or more charged molecules, semipermeable membrane, aloows small molecules and molecules without electrical charge to pass through

soma/cell body

nucleus of neuron

dendrites

branching extensions

neurotransmitter

chemical messagener of nervous system

axons

¼ of inch to several feet gilal cells

myelin sheath

fatty substance

nodes of barrier

gaps in myelin sheath

terminal button

sympatic release neurotransmitter info

synpatic cleft

fluid filled space between 2 neurons where communication occurs

receptors

proteins in cell surface where neurotransmitter attain very in shape membrane start for communication

cytoplasm

extracellular fluid and intercullular fluidn

neural membrane

sepeate and critical role in passing

membrane potential

diff of charge across membrane and energy go signal

resting

K more on inside move out, NA more outside into inside

charged ions dissoliving

electrical charge in fluid

resting potential

state of readiness

sodium potassium pump

transport 3 sodium ions one for every 2 K ions

signal recieved

state abruptly changes

threshold of exicitation

change in membrane causes nuerons to become active

action potential

pos spike electrical signal that moves cell body down axon to axon terminal with impulses

all or none phenomemon

incoming isgnal from another is sufficent or not

repuptake

pumped back into neurons that release it

biological perspective

physiological causes of behavior assert disorders

psychotropic mediacations

drugs treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance

agonists

chemical mimic effect of neurotransmitters at receptor site

antagonists

block/impedes normal activity of neurotransmitters at receptors

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral enrvous system

all other nerves, somatic and automatic

afferent nerve fibers

arrive moving toward

somatic nervous system

conscious and voluntary activity motor and sensory info

efferent nerve fibers

exit moving away

automatic nervous system

glans outside of voluntary control, functioning of internal organs

sympathetic nervous system

moblizeds body for emergency

parasympathetic nervous system

calm body and returns to routine

homeostasis

state of equilibrium

fight or flight

allow body to access energy reserves activation of sympathetic division

endocrine system

series of glands produce chemical hormones

hormone

secreted into blood, longer lasting slower effect

pituitary

brain growth release and invites regulate growth and hormone release

thyroid

neck thyroxine triodthyrine regulate metabolism appetite

pineal

melatonin regulate bio rhythms like sleep

adveral

kidney epinephrin neuepinephine stress response activites

pancreas

internal insulin glucasom regualte blood sugar levels

ovaries testes

gonads estrogen proprsterne androgens testosterone moderate sexual motivation and behavior reproduction

spinal cord

connects brain to outside world relay station, allow brain to percieve sensations 30 segements routes messages reflexes

automatic reflex

sensory message meets certain parameters

motor command

start by signal pass to simple processing center sensory nerve

neuroplasticity

nervous system can change and adapt reorganizing structural functions connections, can happen through personal experiences developmental or damage/injury

cerebral cortex

distincitve patterns of folds bumps (gyro) and grooves (sulk)

gyri and sulci

allow separe brain into functional centers

longitudinal fissure

deep groove that separates brain into hemispheres

latealization

concept that each hemisphere associated with special function

left hemisphere

right side of body memory attention and positive emotion

right hemisphere

left half of body pitch perception arosual negative emotion

corpus callosum

200 mil axons thick band of neutral fibers connect 2 hemisphere

forebrain

largest brain part contains cerebal cortex thalamus liabial etc

cerebal center

upper level thinking memory langauge consciousness reasoning thought emotion

frontal lobe

front to mid reasoning motor control emotion language

motor cortex

planning and coordinating movement

prefrontal cortex

responsible for upper level cognitive functioning

broca area

language production

parictal lobe

top of brain process sensory info like touch

somatosensory cortex

stems pain

temporal lobe

side of brain near temple associated with emotion aspects of language hearing memory

auditory cortex

main process auditory info within temporal lobe

wenrikes area

speech comprehension

occiptial lobe

very back primary visual cortex reponsible for interpret visual info

reticular formatioin

centered midbrain extend to forebrain and hindbrain regulate sleep cycle arosual motor act alertness

substantin nigra and ventral tegmental area

mid brain critical for movement dopamine

hindbrain

back of head look like extension of spinal cord

medulla

automatic processes of automatic nervous system like breathing blood pressure and heart rate

pons

bridge connect mid to rest of brain regulating brain activity during sleep

cerebellum

motor skills process memories recieves message from muscles tendons joint structures in ear to control balance coordination movement

radition computerized tomography scan CT

number of xrays of particular section of body or brain

radiation position emission tomography scan PET

create living active brain picture

magnetic resonance imaging MRI

placed inside of strong magnetic field

electroncephalography EEG

measure of electrical activity

functional magnetic resonance

show change in brain activity by tracking blood flow and oxygen levels