mix 2 semestr

Eukaryote

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane

Nucleus/i

A membrane bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material, jądro komórkowe/jądra

Cytoplasm

The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell, cytoplazma

Organelle/es

A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, organella/organelle

Cell membrane

A biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment, błona komórkowa

Mitochondrion/a

An organelle responsible for generating most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate, mitochondrium/mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move, siateczka śródplazmatyczna (retikulum endoplazmatyczne)

Golgi apparatus/body

An organelle that packages proteins into membrane

Peroxisome

A small organelle present in the cytoplasm that contains reducing enzymes and breaks down fatty acids, peroksysom

Cell wall

A rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells, ściana komórkowa

Cellulose

main constituent of plant cell walls, celuloza

Autotroph

An organism that forms nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances by itself, autotrof (samożywny)

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water, fotosynteza

Chloroplast/chlorophyll

A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place, or the green pigment responsible for light absorption, chloroplast/chlorofil

Vacuole

A space within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid, wakuola (wodniczka)

Cytoskeleton

A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, cytoszkielet

Microtubule

A microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, mikrotubula

Centriole

A cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division, centriola

Cilium/a

A short microscopic hairlike vibrating structure on the surface of cells, rzęska/rzęski

Flagellum/a

A threadlike structure, that enables many bacteria to swim, wić/wici

heterotroph

or one deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances, cudzożywny

Lysosome

in eukaryotic cells contains degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane, lizosom

Ribosome

made of RNA and proteins, synthesise by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains. , rybosom

Adjacent

Next to or adjoining something else, sąsiedni (przyległy)

To be manufactured

To be produced or made in large quantities using machinery or biological processes, być produkowanym (wytwarzanym)

To strengthen

To make or become stronger, wzmacniać

To be exposed to

To be introduced to or left unprotected against something harmful or influential, być narażonym na (być wystawionym na działanie)

Biomolecules

Molecules that are produced by a living organism, biomolekuły (cząsteczki biologiczne)

Starches

Complex carbohydrates found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, and roots of plants, skrobie

Fructose

A hexose sugar found especially in honey and fruit, fruktoza

Carbohydrates

Large groups of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose, węglowodany

Un/saturated fats

Fats containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules with or without double bonds, tłuszcze nie/nasycone

Lard

Fat from the abdomen of a pig, melted down and clarified for use in cooking, smalec

HDL

High-density lipoprotein, a type of cholesterol that removes other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream, (tzw. dobry cholesterol)

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein, a type of cholesterol that can build up in the walls of your arteries, (tzw. zły cholesterol)

Atherosclerosis

A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls, miażdżyca

Steroids

A large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms, steroidy

Disaccharides

Any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues, dwucukry (disacharydy)

Chitin

A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides, forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi, chityna

Polymers

Substances that have a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, polimery

Plasma membrane lipids

phospholipids and cholesterol that form the structural basis of cell membranes, lipidy błony komórkowej

Cell adhesion

The process by which cells interact and attach to a surface, substrate, or another cell, adhezja komórkowa (przyleganie komórek)

Immune response

The reaction of the cells and fluids of the body to the presence of a substance which is not recognized as a normal component of the body, odpowiedź immunologiczna (odpornościowa)

Excess fat

An amount of stored adipose tissue that is more than necessary or healthy, nadmiar tłuszczu

Hydrophobic

Tending to repel or fail to mix with water, hydrofobowy

Hydrophilic

Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water, hydrofilowy

Water soluble

Able to be dissolved in water, rozpuszczalny w wodzie

Diabetes

A disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, cukrzyca

Epithelial tissue

Sheet of cells that covers body surfaces or cavities, tkanka nabłonkowa

Connective tissue

Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, tkanka łączna

Muscular tissue

A specialized tissue that has the ability to contract and move body parts, tkanka mięśniowa

Nervous tissue

Tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, responsible for coordinating body functions, tkanka nerwowa

Columnar epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of cylindrical or rod-shaped cells, occurring in the lining of the stomach, small intestine, and gall bladdernabłonek walcowaty

Squamous epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of flat, scale-like cells, occurring in the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli), the lining of blood vessels, and the surface of the skin, nabłonek płaski

Cuboidal epithelium

Epithelial tissue made of cube-shaped cells, occurring in the kidney tubules, surface of the ovaries, and secretory ducts of glands, nabłonek sześcienny

Collagen

The main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues, kolagen

Blood vessels

Tubular structures carrying blood through the tissues and organs, naczynia krwionośne

Intercellular matrix

The extracellular material that surrounds cells in connective tissues, macierz międzykomórkowa (istota międzykomórkowa)

Stratified

Arranged in layers,occurring in the skin surface (epidermis), lining of the mouth, and esophagus wielowarstwowy

Fibre

A threadlike structure or object forming part of tissue, włókno

Voluntary muscles

Muscles that can be consciously controlled, mięśnie zależne od woli (mięśnie poprzecznie prążkowane szkieletowe)

Rapid/slow contraction (muscles)

The fast or delayed shortening of muscle fibers in response to a stimulus, szybki/powolny skurcz (mięśni)

Dendrite

A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells are transmitted to the cell body, dendryt

Diffusion

The spreading of something more widely from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, dyfuzja

Ligaments

Short bands of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connect two bones or cartilages, więzadła

Adipose cells

Specialized cells formulated to store energy in the form of fat, komórki tłuszczowe (adipocyty)

Fat reservoir

A storage site or accumulation of adipose tissue in the body, rezerwuar tłuszczu

Porous

Having holes through which liquid or air may pass, porowaty

Cartilage

Firm, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx, respiratory tract, and joints, tkanka chrzęstna (chrząstka)

Osteocytes

Bone cells formed when osteoblasts become embedded in the matrix, osteocyty (komórki kostne)

Tubules

Minute tubes, especially ones as anatomical structures, kanaliki

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place, pęcherzyki płucne

Body Systems

Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions for the body, układy narządów

The respiratory system

The organ system responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide, układ oddechowy

The cardiovascular system

The system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, układ sercowo

The endocrine system

The collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and tissue function, układ hormonalny (dokrewny)

The integumentary system

The organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside, układ powłokowy (skóra i jej wytwory)

The renal system

The organs concerned with the secretion and excretion of urine, układ nerkowy (moczowy)

The digestive/excretory system

The organs that take in food and turn it into energy and waste, or eliminate waste products, układ pokarmowy/wydalniczy

Larynx

The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords, krtań

Pleura

A pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs, opłucna

Diaphragm

A dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen, przepona

Bronchus

Any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the windpipe, oskrzele

Nasal cavity

A large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face, jama nosowa

Oral cavity

The part of the mouth behind the teeth and gums that is bounded above by the hard and soft palates, jama ustna

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, dwunastnica

Sublingual glands

A pair of major salivary glands located beneath the tongue, ślinianki podjęzykowe

Pharynx

The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus, gardło

Jejunum

The part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum, jelito czcze

Caecum

A pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines, jelito ślepe (kątnica)

Liver

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes, wątroba

Pancreas

A large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and hormones into the blood, trzustka

Waste products

Unusable materials or substances left over from metabolic processes, produkty przemiany materii (odpady)

Pulmonary veins

Veins carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart, żyły płucne

Left/right ventricle

One of the two large chambers toward the bottom of the heart that collect and expel blood, lewa/prawa komora serca

Valve

A device or anatomical structure that opens and closes to control the flow of a fluid, zastawka

Left/right atrium

One of the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the circulatory system, lewy/prawy przedsionek serca

Arteries

Muscular-walled tubes by which blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body, tętnice

Ureter

The duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder, moczowód

Urethra

The duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, cewka moczowa