08. Some Remaining Biotech

Heritable Human Genome editing

1. which country is the only one which permits this

1. south africa

RNA editing

1. why not DNA editing

2. Which tech is used

1. DNA editing is permanent and can be dangerous, while RNA is temporary

2. CRISPR-Cas13

Bridge recombinase Mechanism (BRM)

1. Conventional Transposons

2. Transposons with bridge recombinase mechanism

1. They are jumping genes, they generallyjump from one part to other, and the cut part is repaired by cell

2. Here the transposons go to new place without any cut, the DNA bends and then forms a bridge and then jumps

CAR-T Cell therapy

1. Why

2. How it works

3. advantage

4. India’s CAR-T cell therapy name, India’s 1st indigenous therapy

5. By whom

6. created for one cancer can work for other cancers?

1. To fight cancer

2. We modify the T-cells in lab to recognise the cancer cells and then give it to body so that T cells can kill the cancer cells by phagocytosis

3. all other treatment also kills normal cells but this targets only cancer cells

4. NexCAR19

5. IITB, Tata Memorial Hospital

6. No

Gene Doping

1. what is it

1. changin gene editing to change DNA to make performance better

Stem cells

1. Toti Potent (potential for total organism)

2. Pluri potent (plural organs potential)

3. Multi - potent (potential to form multiple types of cells)

4. Induced pluripotent (somatic cell which converted to pluri-potent by causing changes to it)

5. Unipotent

1. zygote

2. a

3. 3

4. a

5. Only one type of cell

How soamtic cellsa re converted to pluri-potent stek cells

By introducing Yamanaka factors (4 genetic modifications) to unipotent stem cells

Organ on chip technology

1. what is it

1. we grow organ on a thin wafer (called chip), we also connect tiny fluid channels so that it almost looks like a small artificial organ

what are

1. Orgaoids

2. Spheroids

3. Bio-printing

1. 3-D structures created by growing cells from a tissue to mimic the structure and function of real organs

2. 3-D cell clusters that micic tumor behaviour more effectively

3. 3-D printing tech to create living tissues

Transplant

1. Autogenic transplant

2. Allogenic transplant

3. Xenogenic transplant

1. transfer from withinboy

2. transfer from same species

3. From other species

Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994

1. How many tiers

2. National tier name

1. 3

2. NOTTO (National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation)

Gene drive inheritance

A type of genetic engineering technique that modifies genes to alter mendelian inheritance (that is instead of 50-50 percentage of tall and short genes, it can only make tall genes be passed through to next gen)

Unified genomic chip

1. what it is

2. Gau chip for what

3. Mahish chip for what

1. It is a single nucleotide Polymorphsim chip so when a cattle’s DNA is kept it tells all the mutations in it

2. Cattle

3. Buffaloes

Barr Bodies in (no of x chromosomes -1)

1. Male

2. Female

1. 0

2. 1

Which is small in X and Y

Y is smaller

Indian Genomes project

1. Indigen project
   - by whom
   - no of people

2. Genome India Project
   - by whom
   - no of people

3. One Day One genome initiative
   - by whom

1. CSIR (center for scientific and
   - 1000 Indians

2. DBT (Dept of Biotech)
   - 10000

3. It is related to microbes, not humans
   - Biotech Research and Innovation Council

RNA interference

(plant vaccination)

Monoclonal Antibodies

1. what are they

1. Antibodies which are cloned from a single antibody

ELISA

1. where is it used

2. definition

1. to detect any antigen-antibody complex in patients instaeding of waiting for growth of pathogen in medium

2. a highly sensitive plate-based laboratory technique used to detect and quantify substances such as proteins, antibodies, hormones, and allergens

DNA probe / FISH technique

1. where is it used

2. what is it

1. to check the presence of a specific gene/sequence

2. We take complimentary of a gene and then we check whether it will form a complimentary with DNA, if it does it shines (fluroscent) and we can conclude that it does