NOT DONE 4610 - LAB 9 - Blood plasma, erythrocytes

p. 118. NEED TO ADD VIRTUAL LAB CARDS AND LAB STUDY GUIDE !!!

plasma is composed of

90% water 8% protein (albumin + immunoglobulin gamma) some inorganic salts 1% organic substances

fibrinogen

converted in fibrin from thrombin

serum

plasma with fibrinogen and other clotting proteins removed

what composes whole blood

1. formed elements

2. RBC aka erythrocytes

3. leukocytes

4. platelets

what has a biconcave structure? why?

erythrocytes have biconcave structure because it increases their surface area allowing for efficient gas exchange

hemoglobin is composed

4 globin

4 heme groups

4 iron atoms

anemia, symptoms and cause. what does anemia lead to?

patient experiences = weakness, fatigue, malaise, poor concentration, dyspnea on exertion, pallor aka pale skin

cause = too little concentration of hemoglobin or decrease in carrying capacity of hemoglobin in RBC

anemia leads to hypoxia to organs

causes of hypoxia

• anemia

• excessive blood loss

• excessive hemolysis (blood cell destruction)

• inefficient hematopoiesis (RBC production)

diagnosis of blood related disorders like anemia is determined from a _________ test

determined from a complete blood count (CBC) test aka a blood panel

how does CBC test work?

1. blood is drawn into test tube containing anticoagulant (EDTA or citrate)

2. lab tech analyzes the cell count

3. to count RBC, blood is loaded onto hemocytometer

4. to look at cellular morphology (study of structure) peripheral blood smear is prepared and stained with Wright Giemsa stain

tallquist test

rapid, inexpensive, portable screening tool used to estimate hemoglobin concentration in under 60 seconds

hemostasis

the process that allows for clot formation

1. vascular spasm

2. platelet plug formation

3. fibrinogen is made

4. blood clot is formed

vascular spasm

occurs after injury

smooth muscle in blood vessels contract causing vasoconstriction. this prevents blood loss by limiting blood flow to this area

platelet plug formation

platelets exposed to collagen fibers begin to adhere to wounded area, resulting in release of chemicals by platelets which attract nearby platelets.

(in hemostasis) coagulation occurs when

when clotting factors are activated by enzymes

resulting in fibrinogen converted into fibrin by enzyme thrombin

the network of fibrin RBC and platelets form a blood clot

hemophilia

group of diseases where individuals produce not enough clotting factor

hemoglobin

iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs

hematocrit

blood test that measures the percentage of your total blood volume that consists of red blood cells

antibody

specialized defender proteins that identify and neutralize foreign substances (antigens) like bacteria, viruses, and toxins

antigen

foreign substance that triggers release of antibodies

agglutination

clumping of suspended particles into visible masses

hematocytometer

a specialized microscope slide designed for manually counting cells

heparin

fast-acting injectable anticoagulant ("blood thinner") used to prevent and treat blood clots

what would happen to a patient’s hemoglobin bound oxygen content of blood if a patient suffered from hypoxia

hemoglobin-bound oxygen content of blood decreases

less oxygen is carried to tissues

This happens because total saturation drops below 95% normal, causing hemoglobin to release less oxygen

what hemoglobin level is indicative of anemia

less than 13.5 g/dL in men and 12.0 g/dL in women

hemophilia causes and treatment

Causes of Hemophilia

• Inherited Mutation (Congenital)

• X-linked Inheritance (primarily affects males, affects X chromosome)

• Spontaneous Mutation

• Acquired Hemophilia

Treatments and Management

• Factor Replacement Therapy: infusions of factor concentrates to boost body's clotting ability.

• Prophylaxis (Prevention): infusions of clotting factor to prevent bleeding episodes

• Desmopressin (DDAVP): hormone used to treat mild Hemophilia A by stimulating release of stored factor VIII.

• Gene Therapy

how is fibrin activated? use the words prothrombin activator, thrombin

coagulation cascade leads to formation of prothrombin activator complex which converts inactive prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin

Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin monomers, which polymerize to form a mesh that stabilizes the clot.

hematocrit % = ?

hematocrit % = height of packed erythrocytes in mm divided by total height of all blood mm times 100

when finding RBC/mL, dilution factor =?

200

thalassemia - symptoms & treatment

Symptoms = fatigue, pale skin, bone deformities, and jaundice

treatment = regular blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, stem cell transplants

can iron deficiency cause anemia

yea its the most common cause

pernicious vs autoimmune hemolytic anemia

different

Pernicious caused by antibodies against gastric parietal cells or intrinsic factor

AIHA caused when antibodies directly attack antigens on the surface of red blood cells

PA = macrocytic anemia (large red blood cells) caused by defective DNA synthesis.

AIHA = normocytic or macrocytic anemia caused by premature destruction of red blood cells.

PA shows negative direct Coombs test

AIHA = positive direct Coombs test (direct antiglobulin test).

PA is managed with Vitamins

AIHA is treated with immunosuppression

overlap

Both are autoimmune diseases

what happens if someone receives blood of the wrong type

hemolytic transfusion reaction, where the body attacks and destroys the foreign donor cells