Biology 1

Biology

study of life

What are the six fundamentals characterisitc that all living things have

Cells, Replication, growth & development, metabolism, response to stimuli, and evolution

cells

all organisms are made up of membrane-bound cells

replication

all organisms are capable of reproduction

growth and development

All organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes that control growth and development, and are also influenced by environmental information.

Metabolism

All organisms acquire and use energy to main homeostasis

-catabolism (breakdown)

-anabolism (building)

Respond to stimuli

All organisms respond to internal and external signals

Evolution

populations of organisms are continually evolving

What is the order, smallest to most complex level of biological organization?

Atoms→ Molecules→ Macromolecules→ Organelles→ Cells→ Tissues→ Organs→ Organ Systems

Organism→ Populations→ Communities→ Ecosystems→ Biosphere

Atoms

smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristic properties of that element.

Molecules

a chemical structure or compound that consists of one or more atoms

Macromolecules

very large, complex molecules

Organelles

compartments and large molecular machines that perform different functions with a cell

Cells

The smallest collection of matter that performs all the characteristics of a living thing, the basic unit of Life.

Tissues

a group of similar cells that perform a particular function

Organs

a body part that consists of two or more tissues that perform a given function

Organ Systems

two or more organs that function to perform a given function for an organism

Organism

an individual living thing

Populations

all the individuals of a given species within the boundaries of a given region or ecosystem.

Communities

All the living things or populations within an ecosystem

Ecosystem

all the living and non-living things in a given area

Biosphere

includes all land masses, bodies of water, and the atmosphere

Prokaryotic cell

has an not enclosed in a membrane-bound strucutre (nucleus) no other membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cell

a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Every organism is given a unique two-part scientific name which is called

genus and species

Genus

made up of a closely related group of species (homos)

Species

individuals that regularly breed together or individuals whose characteristics are distinct from those of other species (Sapiens)

Taxonomy

the effort to name and classify organisms

What is the most inclusive grouping?

domain

What are the three taxa?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

The next most inclusive is called?

Kingdom

The domain Eukarya consists of 4 kingdoms

Protista (single eukaryotes)

Fungi (Autotrophs Producers)

Plantae (Heterotrophs Decomposers)

Animals (Heterotrophs Consumers)

What is the taxonomic groupings in order?

Domain→ Kingdom→ Phylum→ Class→ Order→ Family→ Genus→ Species

What are the three theories form the framework for modern biological science?

The cell theory, the theory of evolution, and the chromosome theory of inheritance

Cell theory

All living things consist of cells

All cells come from preexisting cells

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

All cells use DNA as a blueprint

DNA is organized into chromosomes within cells

Chromosomes are passed from one generation to the next.

Theory of Evolution

Adaptation to the environment = Diversity

DNA as the heritable molecule and a common genetic code among all organisms = Unity

Darwin

Proposed natural selection

Individual Variation

hertiable

Overproduction and competition for limited resources

Inferences

Matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

weight

gravity pull on mass

Element

can’t be broken down further by chemical reaction

compound

a substance of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

atom

The smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of the element.

Subatomic Particles

proton = positive charge

neutrons = neutral charge

electrons = negative charge

Atomic number

The number of protons an atom has

Mass number

The number of protons plus neutrons of an atom.

Atomic mass

The abundance of all the isotopes of an element in nature.

Isotopes

an atomic form of an atom structure that has more neutrons than other atoms.

Atomic weight

Average of all the naturally occurring isotopes based on their abundance

Energy

the capacity to do work or supply heat

Potential Energy

stored potential to do work

Kinetic Energy

active energy of movement

Nonpolar covalent bonds

electrons are evenly shared between two atoms and the bond is symmetrical

Polar covalent bond

electrons are shared unequally

Covalent bonds

a bond between two atoms in which they share a pair of electrons

Electronegativity

A measure of how strongly an elements atoms pull on a shared pair of e-.

Polar

unequal sharing of a pair of e-

Nonpolar

equal

Ionic bonds

an attraction between oppositely charged atoms

What is an ion?

charged atom that is formed when an atom gains or loses a electron

Cation

positively charged ion it will lose e-

anion

negatively charged ion it will gain an e-

Hydrogen bond

weak, forms between a hydrogen covalently bonded to one electronegatively and attracted to a second electronegative atom

Hydrophobic Interactions

occur between non-polar, non-ionic molecules, tend to cluster, in the presence of polar molecules (oils, and fats)

Hydrophobic

water “fearing”

Hydrophilic

water loving

Van der Waals Interactions

weak attractions between or within molecules due to localized charge fluctuations.

Chemical Reactions

the making and breaking of covalent bonds leading to changes in chemical composition

Chemical Equilibrium

when forward and reverse reactions at the same rate

What are the four properties of water

Cohesive & Adhesive properties, Moderation of Temp, Expansion on freezing, and Versatility as a solvent

Cohesive

attraction of like things

Adhesive

attraction between unlike molecules

Heat

The measure of the total amount of kinetic energy in a body of matter

Temperature

The measure of the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy in a given body of matter

Calorie

amount of energy needed to raise 1g of H2O 1C

Specific heat

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost to change the temp. of 1g

Vaporization

transition from a liquid to a gas

Evaporative cooling

The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation

ex sweating

Heat of vaporaization

energy required to change 1 gram of a substance from liquid to gas.

Solution

completely homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

Solvent

dissolving agent

Solute

substances that dissolve

Aqueous

water solution

Acid

A substance that, when dissolved in water, donates H+ to the solution, causing [H+] to increase.

Base

A substance that reduces [H+] of a solution.

PH scale

1-6.9 Acidic

7 neutral

7.1 - 14 basic

Buffers

substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Carbon

unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large and complex and diverse

Organic chemistry

Branch of chemistry that studies carbon compounds

What are the types of carbon compounds

Straight, variable chains

Branching chain

Chains with double-bonded carbons

Rings

Hydrocarbons

Fats, oils, and lipids

Isomers

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same electrons but different structures and properties

What are the different types of isomers?

Structural isomers, Geometric isomers, and Enamtimers

Structural isomers

Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

Geometric isomers

Have the same covalent partnership but differ in their spatial arrangement

Enantiomers

molecules that are mirror images and cannot be superimposed on each other.

Functional group

compounds of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Hydroxyl

OH

alcohols and mix with water