Chapters 22, 23, and 24: DE US History 4th Quarter Exam Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Republican politics, the Great Depression, and World War II from the provided lecture notes.

Return to Normalcy

Warren G. Harding's $1920$ campaign slogan promising stability after the upheaval of World War I.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A bribery scheme during the Harding administration involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves in Wyoming to private companies.

Warren G. Harding

The $29 ext{th}$ president who promised "normalcy" but whose presidency was defined by the Teapot Dome corruption.

Calvin Coolidge

Harding's successor who was pro-business and champion of minimal government; known for the statement, "The chief business of the American people is business."

19th Amendment

A $1920$ amendment that granted women the right to vote.

Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment introduced by Alice Paul that was defeated in Congress.

Model-T / Assembly Line

Ford innovations that democratized automobile ownership; by $1925$, an assembly line produced a Model-T every $10$ seconds.

Installment Buying

Purchasing on credit; a practice that fueled the $1920 ext{s}$ consumer boom, with over $6025$ of cars sold on credit by $1927$.

The Flapper

A symbol of the "New Woman" in the $1920 ext{s}$ who defied Victorian gender norms with bobbed hair, short skirts, and jazz.

Harlem Renaissance

An African American artistic and intellectual movement centered in Harlem, NYC, where writers and artists asserted a new Black cultural identity.

18th Amendment

The Prohibition amendment ($1920$) that banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol, leading to bootlegging and organized crime.

Fundamentalism

A religious movement that reacted against modern science, particularly Darwinism and evolution.

Scopes Trial (1925)

A symbolic cultural clash in Tennessee where a teacher was tried for teaching evolution.

Black Tuesday

October $29$, $1929$; the date of the catastrophic stock market crash that signaled the start of the Great Depression.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A $1930$ tariff that was the highest in U.S. history; it triggered a global trade collapse where U.S. exports fell $7825$.

Associationalism

Herbert Hoover's ideology of voluntary cooperation between businesses and charities rather than direct government intervention.

RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation)

A $1932$ program providing government loans to banks and corporations; critics called it a "millionaire's dole" for bypassing ordinary citizens.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by the unemployed during the Depression, mockingly named after President Herbert Hoover.

Bonus Army

A group of WWI veterans who marched to Washington in $1932$ demanding early payment of bonuses; they were forcibly dispersed by General Douglas MacArthur.

Dust Bowl

An ecological disaster on the Great Plains from $1932$ to $1936$ caused by severe drought and agricultural mismanagement.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The architect of the New Deal who won the $1932$ election in a landslide and fundamentally expanded the federal government.

FDIC

A New Deal program created to insure bank deposits.

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

A New Deal program that employed young men in conservation projects.

Social Security Act

A $1935$ law that established retirement pensions and unemployment insurance.

Wagner Act

A $1935$ reform that guaranteed the right of workers to unionize.

Huey Long

A Louisiana senator and populist who challenged FDR from the left with his radical "Share Our Wealth" plan.

Court-packing crisis (1937)

FDR's failed attempt to add justices to the Supreme Court, which marked the end of major New Deal legislation.

Manchurian Incident

A $1931$ event where Japan staged a railway explosion as a pretext to invade Manchuria.

Rape of Nanjing

The $1937$ Japanese massacre of $250,000$ to $300,000$ Chinese civilians.

Pearl Harbor

The December $7$, $1941$ surprise attack by Japan on Hawaii that killed $2,400$ Americans and brought the U.S. into WWII.

Blitzkrieg

Meaning "lightning war," it was Germany's fast, mobile warfare strategy using tanks and planes.

Operation Barbarossa

The June $1941$ German invasion of the Soviet Union, the largest land invasion in history.

D-Day / Operation Overlord

The June $6$, $1944$ Allied invasion of Normandy, France; it was the largest amphibious assault in history commanded by General Eisenhower.

Yalta Conference

A February $1945$ meeting where the "Big Three" (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) planned postwar Europe and demanded unconditional German surrender.

Battle of Midway

A decisive $1942$ naval victory where the U.S. broke Japanese codes and destroyed $4$ aircraft carriers, turning the tide in the Pacific.

Executive Order 9066

The $1942$ order that authorized the forced internment of approximately $120,000$ Japanese Americans.

Double V Campaign

A campaign by African Americans for victory against fascism abroad and victory against racism at home.

Manhattan Project

The top-secret U.S. program, directed scientifically by J. Robert Oppenheimer, to build the atomic bomb.

Holocaust

The Nazi genocide that killed approximately $6$ million Jews and millions of others.

Zoot Suit Riots

$1943$ attacks by white servicemen on Latino and Black youth in Los Angeles that revealed wartime racial tensions.