Diversity and Inequality

Implicit Bias

the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.

Brown Vs. Board of education

a landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, stating that 'separate but equal' educational facilities were inherently unequal.

Dowell v. Oklahoma City

court case concerning the desegregation of schools, specifically addressing the implementation and effectiveness of desegregation efforts in Oklahoma City.

Mendez v. Westminster

federal court case that challenged Mexican remedial schools in four districts in Orange County, California.

Economic Motivations
(Deindustrialization)

the decline in manufacturing and industrial activity within a region

Human Capital

the economic value of a worker’s combined skills, knowledge, experience, health, and personal traits, which drive productivity, innovation, and profitability

Predatory Lenders

unfair, deceptive, or abusive loan terms—such as excessive interest rates, hidden fees, and equity-stripping—targeted at vulnerable borrowers.

1984 Crime Control Act

reforming federal criminal law by enacting bail reform, sentencing reform, and expanding asset forfeiture for drug-related crimes.

Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986

"War on Drugs" law that allocated $1.7 billion to combat drug abuse through enforcement and education. It established harsh, mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses, most notably creating a 100:1 disparity between crack and powder cocaine, heavily penalizing low-level crack offenses.

Acculturation

the process of social, psychological, and cultural change resulting from long-term contact between different cultures

Nuremberg Codes

ten-point document established in 1947 during the Doctors Trial at Nuremberg, Germany, defining permissible medical experimentation on human subjects.

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

monitored 399 African American men with syphilis in Macon County, Alabama, to study the disease's natural progression. Misled into believing they were treated for "bad blood," the participants were denied effective treatment, even after penicillin became standard in the 1940s.

Life Course Perspective

a multidisciplinary framework analyzing how social, historical, and environmental factors shape health and development over a lifespan