Carbohydrates

Covalent Bonds

Occur when pairs of electrons are shared between atoms.

Hydrogen Bond

Interaction between slightly negative & slightly positive atoms.

Ionic Bond

Complete transfer of electrons.

Organic Chemistry

Study of compounds that contain carbon.

Tetravalence

Can form up to 4 covalent bonds.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Valence

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form.

Carbon Compounds

Vary by length, arrangement, and functional groups.

Carbon Skeleton

The framework for the atoms that describe the functional groups present.

Hydrocarbons

Molecules consisting of C-H bonds.

Functional Groups

Add different chemical properties to atoms.

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions in a cell.

Monomer

The small building-block molecules.

Polymer

The large molecules consisting of the same or similar monomers.

Anabolic Reactions

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones (monomers → polymers).

Condensation Reactions

Bonds formed via reactions that remove water (H2O).

Endergonic Reactions

Reactions that store and require energy.

Catabolic Reactions

Break down large molecules into smaller ones (polymers → monomers).

Exergonic Reactions

Reactions that release energy.

Carbohydrate

An organic molecule (CH2O) with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1.

Simple Sugar

Monosaccharides & Disaccharides used for energy and to build polysaccharides.

Complex Sugar

Polysaccharides used for energy storage and as structural materials.

Glucose

Formula C6H12O6; can be broken down to form ATP energy during cellular respiration.

Alpha Glucose

(-OH) group below the ring.

Beta Glucose

(-OH) group above the ring.

Electronegativity

The strength that atoms pull on shared electrons.

Polar Covalent Bonds

Bonds between atoms with different electronegativities.

Non-Polar Covalent Bonds

Bonds between atoms with approximately the same electronegativity.

Disaccharide

A molecule created when 2 monosaccharides join during a condensation reaction.

Glycosidic Linkages

Connections between monosaccharides in disaccharides.

Sucrose

Disaccharide consisting of Glucose and Fructose (table sugar).

Lactose

Disaccharide found in milk consisting of Glucose and Galactose.

Maltose

Disaccharide in malt consisting of Glucose and Glucose.

Polysaccharides

Serve functions in energy storage (Starch, Glycogen) and structural material (Cellulose, Chitin).

Starch

Energy storage in plants; consists of amylose and amylopectin.

Glycogen

Energy storage in animals; highly branched and found in liver and muscles.

Cellulose

Structural polysaccharide used for cell wall formation; linear and linked with hydrogen bonds.

Chitin

Structural polysaccharide in fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods; modified glucose monomer.

Glycoproteins

Sugar-protein molecules involved in cell recognition and communication.

ABO Blood Typing

Determined by the presence of specific glycoproteins on cell surfaces.