APUSH Spring Greatest Hits

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics- leading to reform

Ida Tarbell

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power

Upton Sinclair

author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906 - wrote The Jungle- led to increased govt regulation

Lincoln Steffens

Early muckraker who exposed the political corruption in many American cities

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

16th Amendment

income tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

three powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office.

Washington/DuBois Debate

Booker T. Washington focused on having education for jobs and not asking for equality from the whites

WEB Dubois wanted blacks to be intellectually equal to whites.

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

literacy tests and poll taxes

two ways that the voting rights of blacks were disenfranchised in the South; needed to be able to read and pay a fee to vote; Grandfather Clause also put into motion

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force ("Big Stick" policy)

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South (to escape Jim Crow and sharecropping) to the North (for jobs).

14 points

President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars. The 14th Point was the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment- NOT ratified by the U.S.

Radio and Movies

America's main forms of entertainment during the 20's-30's that created a shared national culture

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Encouraged black nationalism and black pride

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Jazz

popularized by Louis Armstrong

Emergency Quota Act and National Origins Act

two acts that were passed in order to limit immigration

-favored immigrants in northwestern Europe

Causes of the Great Depression

credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks

3 R's of the New Deal

Relief for needy, economic Recovery, Reform to prevent from another

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

Fireside Chats

radio broadcasts made by FDR to the American people to explain his New Deal

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression, showing his pragmatism and experimental approach

Court Packing Plan

Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new judges- Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)

asked farmers to reduce production and destroy surpluses

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

New Deal program which gave electricity and jobs to rural Appalachia

SSA (Social Security Act)

provided help for people that were old aged, unemployed, or disabled; founded in 1935

SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)

regulates the stock market

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

the government agency that insures customers' deposits if a bank fails

Eleanor Roosevelt

a social reformer who combined her deep humanitarian impulses with great political skills; FDR's "eyes and ears"

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Pearl Harbor Attack

Dec 7 1941; Japanese attack American naval base and airforces in Oahu to eliminate the US Navy

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

War Production Board

Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled.

Internment Camps

Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President.

Minorities in the war effort

Women, blacks and Mexican Americans worked in factories and agriculture for the war effort

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

A. Philipp Randolph

He was a Civil Rights leader during WWII, proposed a March on Washington

Tuskegee Airmen

African American squadron that escorted bombers in the air war over Europe during World War II

Geographic challenges in the Pacific

far from supplies- so island-hopping was necessary to build bases/ airfields to launch attacks on Japan

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Containment Policy

Established by the Truman administration in 1947 to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.

Korean War (1950-1953)

the United Nations joined to support South Korea and China entered to aid North Korea. The war left Korea divided along the 38th parallel. The Korean War was an example of the U.S. Cold War policy of containment

Sputnik (1957)

start of the space race- led to creation of NASA and more emphasis on math and science education

GI Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Eisenhower Farewell Address 1961

Warns of connection between businesses and military; fear of military becoming too powerful

Bay of Pigs, 1961

The Bay of Pigs was a failed invasion of Cuba, planned under Eisenhower, implemented under JFK. Cuban exiles living in the US were trained by the CIA and landed in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs-huge embarrassment for the US and pushed Castro to seek more help from the USSR, leading directly to the Cuban Missile Crisis

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

group of mostly African American ministers who worked to fight injustice through nonviolence

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest

"Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963

Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote on April 16, 1963. In the letter, King defended the nonviolent protests that he participated in for the fight against racial injustice

"I have a dream" speech (1963)

Martin Luther King Jr.'s vision of racial harmony; March on Washington

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks- a direct result of Freedom Summer and Selma march

The Great Society

1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice through education and job training

Election of 1964 (28.3)

LBJ vs. Republican nominated Barry Goldwater (AZ) who was an extreme conservative. LBJ won 90% of electoral votes and was called "Landslide Lyndon". Famous "Daisy Ad"

Tet Offensive (1968)

A massive, coordinated Communist assault against more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam. Exposed the credibility gap

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees to prepare for the 1972 Election. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Carter's foreign policies

Stressed the importance of human rights and freedom

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

The Feminine Mystique

written by Betty Friedan- described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities