CHAPTER 2 PART 1

THEORY

are sets of principles used to explain a particular class of phenomena.- It is a set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Relationships between a person’s developmental history and current problems; The role of unconscious.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

is based on eight stages of development. The early stages provide the foundations for later stages so Erikson says that if a child does not resolve a crisis in a particular stage, they will have problems in later stages. Development of self in relationship to society

CRISIS

a psychosocial challenge that presents opportunities for development

PSEUDOSPECIES

a fictional notion that they are superior to other cultures.

COGNITIVE THEORY

States that children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world. Means how children think, explore and figure things out.

SCHEMA

building blocks of knowledge. organized pattern of thoughts. mental models to interpret information

ASSIMILATION

Process by which infant interprets and responds to anew experience using ways he already knows.

ACCOMODATION

This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.

EQUILIBRIUM

Involves the person striking a balance between himself and the environment, between assimilation and accommodation.

SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY

views human development as a socially mediated process in which children acquire their cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.

VYGOTSKY’S THEORIES

stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition (Vygotsky, 1978), as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning."

MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE OTHER (MKO)

is somewhat self-explanatory; it refers to someone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept.

VYGOTSKY

believed that language develops from social interactions, for communication purposes. viewed language as man’s greatest tool, a means for communicating with the outside world.

LANGUAGE

It is the main means by which adults transmit information to children. itself becomes a very powerful tool of intellectual adaptation