General Bio I- Final Exam: Scientific Methods - Carbohydrates

Hypothesis

A testable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or phenomenon that can be tested through experimentation.

Independent Variable

variable that is intentionally changed to cause a response

Dependent Variable

Variable that responds to a change

Controlled variable

A factor that remains the same through an experiment

standard conditions

all groups experience the same conditions to minimize confounding variables.

positive control

A sample or condition in an experiment that is known to cause a positive result

negative control

Is a group of the experiment that receives no change, identifies if results are due to independent variable or not.

null hypothesis

an assuming statement that there will be no change between variables being studied.

alternative hypothesis

an assuming statement that there will be a relationship or difference between the variables being tested.

covalent bonds

chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. (mutual sharing)

polar bonds

is a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating a partial positive and partial negative charge. Due to different electronegativity.

ionic bonds

A chemical bond between metals and non-metals, where one transfers electrons to the other making the acceptor + and the donor -

electronegativity

The measure of an atom’s ability to attract and half on to other electrons in a chemical bond.

nonpolar bonds

A bond where electrons are shared equally when they have similar electronegativity

polar bonds

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally when they have different electronegativity

water polarity

Oxygen has a stronger electronegativity compared to hydrogen. Pulling hydrogen causes its bent shape.

hydrogen bonds

The bond made when the slightly negative hydrogen atom is attracted to the slightly negative charge on the oxygen of a water molecule.

cohesion

water molecules sticking to each other

adhesion

The attachment of water molecules to other substances

molecular transportation with water

The process of cohesion allows for water to bond strongly together to create surface tension to resist stress. adhesion gives them the ability to transport against gravity

pH measurement

determines the acidity or basicity based on the concentration of hydrogen ions 0(acidic)10x-14(basic)x/10.

Low pH

An acidic pH that has a high concentration of hydrogen ions

High pH

a basic pH that has a low concentration of hydrogen ions

buffers

This substance resists changes in pH when acids or basics are added.

blood ph

Buffers are used on blood to ensure it neutrality due to the acidic environment of the body

Large changes in pH

This large change can cause protein denaturation as pH change effects the bonds between molecules

Photosynthesis

the process in plants and certain bacteria that convert light energy into glucose and oxygen from CO2 and water

Carbon fixation

the process where CO2 is converted into organic compounds and sugars. During the Calvin cycle co2 is split due to rubisco making 3-PGA that are turned into G3P using ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions.

Rubisco

The enzyme that functions during carbon fixation. Causes a reaction with the CO2 to develop an unstable carbon ring that is split in half. Making them easier to enter the Calvin cycle.

Homeostasis

the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment. This is done by sweating to reduce body temperature. Can also be done to control pH.

Organic molecules

Compounds that are made with carbon and hydrogen bonds

Inorganic molecules

compounds that lack the carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Hydroxyl groups

a functional group that creates a polar bond and makes substances water soluble

Aldehyde groups

A functional group gives makes compounds electron donors and they have a carbon ring formation.

Methyl Groups

A functional group that is made of 1 carbon and 3 hydrogens. Controls gene expression, modifies proteins, and supports critical metabolic pathways.

functional groups

Small atom clusters that attach to carbon skeletons to determine a compound chemical property and reactivity

Carbohydrates

The biomolecule that is essential for energy and cell structure

lipids

Biomolecule that provides the cell with structural support, energy storage, protect, and give cellular function

proteins

The biomolecule that provides structure for the cell and facilitates essential biochemical processors

nucleic acid

the biomolecule that contains and expresses genetic information (DNA & RNA)

DNA

double helix connected by hydrogen bonds which stores and transmits genetic information. Made of a nitrogenous base (ACTG), sugar (deoxyribose), and phosphate group.

polymers

Large molecules made of monomers conjoined through dehydration synthesis and broken apart with hydrolysis

monomers

small molecules that bond together (fatty acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and amino acids)

macromolecules (biomolecules)

Large molecules that are formed through repeated small units creating carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

glucose

A monosaccharide that is used as a source of fuel for creating energy

glycogen

The storage method for storage and energy source for an animal cell

alpha bonds

Found in starch and liver that is easy to breakdown

beta bonds

found in plants and is hard to be broken down (cellulose)

starch

What glucose is turned into for storage in plant cells

cellulose

Component that uses starch to create plant cell walls and plant texture