Life Span Final Exam

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Sensorimotor stage

birth-2, learning through experiences, develop intentional behaviors, cause and effect learning and circular reactions, mental representation, and object permanence

preoperational stage

2-7, symbolic thought, intuitive thinking, fooled by appearances, egocentrism, and failed conservation

milestones of preoperational stage (5)

symbolic function, understand identities and cause and effect, understand numbers, empathy, theory of mind

limitations and struggles of preoperational (8)

centration, irreversibility, focus on states, transudative reasoning, egocentrism, animism, easily fooled, conservation

concrete operational stage

7-11, logic with tangible things, struggles with hypothetical and abstract thinking, mentally add and subtract, and use trial and error

milestones of concrete operational stage (7)

advances in: conservation, decentration, reversibility, classification, seriation, transitive inference, spatial thinking

Formal Operational stage

11-12+, think abstractly and hypothetically, use hypothetical-deductive reasoning, use metacognition

conservation

ability to know that the amount of an object is the same after being manipulated to look larger (coins, water)

circular reactions

repetitive actions infants use to explore their bodies & environment, cause cognitive growth and self-awareness

egocentrism

viewing word from your perspective and having difficulty looking at other people’s perspectives

adolescent egocentrism

imaginary audience and personal fable

imitation

measure memory by having infant repeat activity it has seen

deferred imitation

Infant imitates action after a delay, when the model is no longer present, transition to next stage and gain symbolic thought

symbolic thought

your brain can think about or imagine things without them being right in front of you

Primary Circular Reactions

babies do things and repeat them because of pleasure

Secondary Circular Reactions

babies repeat their actions based on consequences

Tertiary Circular Reactions

toddler’s experiment with new things

imaginary audience

belief that people are always watching and judging you

personal fable

belief that your experiences are unique or that rules don’t apply to you

attachment

A strong affectional tie that binds a person to another

purpose of the attachment system

regulates emotional distress when under threat and achieve security through proximity

characteristics of attachment

proximity maintenance, safe have, secure base, and separation distress

proximity maintenance

desire to be near people we are attached to

safe haven

returning to attachment figure for comfort and security

secure base

security base for child, looks at parent

separation anxiety

anxiety from absence of caregiver

internal working model

Cognitive representations of the self and other people; lead to core beliefs

main attachment experiment

Strange Situation Experiment- parents would leave their children in a room alone and would see how they would react when they left and came back

secure attachment (child)

upset when caregiver leaves and calms at their return

avoidant attachment (child)

avoid parents and begin to act out when they come, does not care between stranger and parent

resistant attachment (child)

distressed when separated and when caregiver returns

disorganized-disoriented attachment (child)

not clear attachment, usually have avoidant and resistant mix (sign of neglect)

secure (adults)

comfortable with closeness & emotional vulnerability, can need partner but also be independent

avoidant (adults)

doesn’t understand own emotions, avoids people, doesn’t need anyone

anxious/resistant (adults)

fears rejection & abandonment, needs constant reassurance, doesn’t trust others

disorganized (adults)

negative self-image, slow to trust others, behaviors are unpredictable, situationship final boss

secure impacts

child: positive emotions to contact/caregiver, adult: healthy/balanced relationships, parents: regulation of own emotions equals supportive relationships

avoidant impacts

child: disregard emotion and can be aggressive, adults: antisocial behaviors and can be dismissive (abuse/neglect), parents: disregard child needs, no emotions, strict

anxious impacts

child: very emotional children and distress when parents’ leaves/returns, adults: anxiety/perfectionism, blame partners, fear of abandonment, seek validation, parents: helicopter parents and struggle multitasking with children

disorganized impacts

child: no reaction to parents or fear of parents, adults: avoid emotional intimacy and switch from clingy to nonchalant, parents: no emotional intimacy with kids which confuses them

Erickson’s Psychosocial

there are 8 stages of development, Personality is influenced by society and develops through a series of crises

ego quality

successful navigation of the conflict, psychological strength that will help with life

core pathology

unsuccessful navigation of the conflict, weakens strength of ego, but you are not doomed like fixation

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

birth-18 months, infants learn what is safe and reliable, eq: hope, cp: withdrawal, consistent responsive care needed

hope

wishes can be obtained no matter what life throws at you, helps with later relationships

withdrawal

detaching from others and using defense mechanisms, creates worse relationships

Stage 2: Autonomy vs shame and doubt

2-3, strive for independence/control, needed to build confidence, eq: will, cp: compulsion, parents need patience and let kids do it without judgement

will

acting with intention, self control, and self restraint, feeling proud and independent

compulsion

anal personality, dependent on others, low self esteem, fear of new tasks, leads to doubt

Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt

3-5, am I good or bad and pretend play, eq: purpose, cp: inhibition, kids need freedom to try, fail, and imagine with little criticism

purpose

confidence to try new things and initiate tasks and social interactions without guilt, fear, or embarrassment and leadership

inhibition

afraid to try new things due to failure, guilt about desires and efforts

Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority

6-11, learn strengths, weaknesses, and confidence, eq: competence, cp: inertia, praise for efforts and outcomes, need positive feedback

competence

Confidence in skills, work ethic, and ability to achieve goals, leads to feeling useful

inertia

Low self-esteem, avoidance of challenges, doubt their ability to be successful

Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion

12-18, developing sense of self, who am I and what is my future, eq: fidelity, cp: dissociation, need opportunities to explore roles and have supportive relationships

fidelity

sense of personal identity that will influence behavior and development for life

dissociation

uncertainty and confusion about the future, values, and place in society

Stage 6: Intimacy vs isolation

19-40, develop loving/deep relationships, eq: love, cp: exclusivity, need a stable identity to ensure you do not lose yourself in the relationship

love

Deep, committed relationships with the ability to maintain closeness without losing self

exclusivity

Fear of commitment or emotional closeness, loneliness or shallow relationships

Stage 7: Generativity vs Stagnation

40-65, how to create feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, eq: care, cp: rejectivity, need to create/nurture things that are meaningful

care

feelings of usefulness and left behind a legacy

rejectivity

feeling unproductive and uninvolved in the world

Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair

65-death, looking back on life to see if they are happy, eq: wisdom, cp: disdain, need eq of stage 7 and look back in life with fulfillment

wisdom

looking back in life and being satisfied

disdain

negative feelings about what you did or did not do