Lecture Lecture 3: Elements, Bonding, and Physical Properties

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 3 of elements, bonding, and physical properties.

Isolated Atoms

Atoms that exist independently and do not interact with other atoms.

Emergent Properties

Properties that arise when atoms interact to form larger collections, distinct from individual atoms.

Covalent Bond

A strong bond formed when two atoms share electrons.

London Dispersion Force (LDF)

A weak intermolecular force resulting from instantaneous dipoles in atoms or molecules.

Hybridization

A process in which atomic orbitals mix to form new hybrid orbitals for bonding.

Tetrahedral Geometry

The arrangement of atoms around a central atom with bond angles of approximately 109 degrees.

Conductivity in Metals

The ability of metals to conduct electricity due to the free movement of delocalized electrons.

Bonding Molecular Orbital (BMO)

An orbital formed by the constructive interference of atomic orbitals, which stabilizes the molecule.

Antibonding Molecular Orbital (AMO)

An orbital formed by the destructive interference of atomic orbitals, which destabilizes the molecule.

Valence Bond Theory

A theory that describes the formation of bonds as a result of overlapping atomic orbitals.

Sigma Bond

A bond formed by the end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals.

Pi Bond

A bond formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals.

Melting Point (mp)

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid when the attractive interactions between its particles are overcome.

Boiling Point (bp)

The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas when all interactions between its particles are overcome.

Allotropes of Carbon

Different structural forms of carbon, including diamond, graphite, and fullerene.

Malleability

The ability of metals to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking.

Ductility

The ability of metals to be drawn into wires.