A&P II Lecture Unit 2

What is blood made of?

liquid connective tissue

What is the function of blood?

transportation of oxygen and nutrients to body cells

Blood regulates what?

body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat

When there is blood loss what occures?

the plasma protein and platelets imitate clot formation

What kind of cells defend against foreign invaders?

white blood cells

What are the three formed elements that composes blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

What are erythrocytes (RBC)?

transport oxygen

What are leukocytes (WBC)?

helps with immunity

What do platelets do?

stop bleeding

What’s a hemocrit?

a percentage of blood volume that is red blood cells

What is the percentage of hemocrits in males?

42-52%

What is the percentage of hemacrit in females?

37-37%

What is the pH of blod?

7.35-7.45

What is blood plasma made of?

90% water and proteins that are produced by the liver

What are proteins that are produced by the liver?

albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

What is the job for albumin?

transport lipid molecules, osmotic pressure, and a buffer

What is the job of globulins?

transport lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, and antibodies (help fight infections)

What is the job of fibrinogens?

blood clotting

What kind of nutrients does plasma contain?

glucose, carbohydrates, and amino acids

What kind of electrolytes does plasma contain?

sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride

Only ___ ____ ___ are complete cells.

white blood cells

____ ______ ____ have no nuclei or organelles?

Red blood cells

Platelets are cell _____?

fragements

Where does most blood cells originate from where?

bone marrow and do not divide

What is hematopoises?

essential for blood cell formation

In children, hematopoiesis can occur in the ______ _____ of long bones.

medullary cavity

In adults, the process of hematopoiesis is largely restricted to the ____ and pelvic bone, _____, sternum, and proximal ______ of the femur and ______

cranial, vertebrae, epiphyses, humerus

Where does all formed elements arise from?

stem cells of the red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis is the _____ and ______ of the formed elements of blood?

proliferation, differentiation

What initiates the development blood cells?

hemopoietic growth factors

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels

Erythropoietin prompts the production of what?

erythrocytes

What are the required nutrients for erythropoiesis?

amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates

Where is iron stored?

hemoglobin, liver, spleen, and bone marrow

how is iron transported?

transported loosely bound to the protein transferred

_______ and ______ __ are necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division.

Vitamin B12, folic acid

Erythrocytes get filled with ________ for transportation.

hemoglobin

Erythrocytes contain plasma membrane protein spectrin and other proteins that provide what?

flexibility to change as necessary

Red blood cells are dedicated to ________ gas transport.

respiratory

Hemoglobin ______ reversibly with oxygen/

binds

What makes up a protein globin?

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Heme is a _____ bonded to each globin chain.

pigment

An iron atom in each heme can _____ to one oxygen molecule.

bind

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport ____ oxygen molecules.

four

Oxygen loading in the lungs produced what?

oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

Oxygen unloading in the tissues produces what?

deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (dark red)

Oxygen loading in tissues produces what?

carbaminohemoglobin (carries 20% of CO2 in the blood)

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes/

100-120 days

________ engulfs dying red blood cells in the spleen.

macrophages

Heme and globin are ______.

separated

Iron is _______ for reuse.

salavaged

Heme is _____ to yellow pigment bilirubin.

degraded

The liver _____ bilirubin (in bile) into the intestines.

secretes

Degraded pigment _____ the body in feces as stercoblin.

leaves

What is anemia?

blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity

Blood oxygen levels ______ support normal metabolism.

cannot

Insufficient erythrocytes lead to three types of anemia, what is a hemorrhagic anemia?

acute or chronic loss of blood

Insufficient erythrocytes lead to three types of anemia, what is hemolytic anemia?

red blood cells rupture prematurely

Insufficient erythrocytes lead to three types of anemia, what is aplastic anemia?

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

Low hemoglobin content is connected to iron and if there isn’t enough it leads to what?

deficiency anemia

Inadequate intake of iron leads to what?

impaired iron absorption

What is pernicious anemia?

deficiency of vitamin B12, which is necessary for hemoglobin synthesis

What is a thalassemia?

abnormal hemoglobin, absent or faulty globin chain

What is sickle-cell anemia?

defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin

Sickle-cell anemia is shaped abnormally cells that can do what?

can block small blood vessels

What is polycythemia?

an excess of red blood cells that increase blood viscosity

Polycythemia results from 2 things, what is polycythemia vera?

bone marrow cancer

Polycythemia results from 2 things, what is secondary polycythemia?

less oxygen is available (high altitude) or when EPO production increases

What is blood doping?

an injection of oxygenated blood into the body to enhance performance

What are leukocytes?

white blood cells that are over 11,000

Leukocytes are normal response to ______ or viral invasions.

bacterial

How many granulocytes are there?

3 types, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Which type of leukocytes are most common?

neutrophils

Neutrophils are very ______.

phagocytic

Which kind of leukocytes are the rarest?

basophils

The basophils contain histamine within the granules, what is histamine?

an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilation and attacks other wbc’s to inflamed sites

What are arganulocytes?

a combination fo lymphocytes and monocytes

What are lymphocytes?

found in lymphoid tissues

There are two types of lymphocytes, what do T-cells do?

act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

There are two types of lymphocytes, what do B-cells do?

give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

What are monocytes?

the largest leukocytes

Monocytes activate _______ to mount an immune response.

lymphocytes

Production of all leukocytes begins in the _____ _____.

bone marrow

What is leukopenia?

abnormally low wbc count-drug included

What is lymphoma?

form of cancer in which masses of malignment T or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes

What is leukemia?

cancerous conditions involving wbc

Acute leukemia involves primarily affects _______.

children

Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in _____ ______.

older people

Leukocytes have ______ nonfunctional wbcs in the ________.

immature, bloodstream

When treating leukemia what are the treatment options?

irradiation, antileukemia drugs, and stem cell transplants

Platelets formation is regulated by ________.

thrombopoietin

What is the fxn of platelets?

form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels to stop bleeding

What is thrombocytosis?

a condition in which there are too many platelets

What is thrombocytopenia?

an insufficient amount of platelets

What is thrombosis?

unwanted blood clots

What is hemostatis?

a fast series of reactions for stoppage of blood

There are (3) sages of hemostasis, what is vascular spasm?

the vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels

In vascular spasm, it triggers a direct _____.

injury

There are (3) sages of hemostasis, what is platelet plug formation?

platelets are activated by chemicals released from the injury site and by contact with underlying collagen. Platelets begin to stick to each other and the wound site

There are (3) sages of hemostasis, what is coagulation?

a set of reactions in which blood is transformed from liquid to a gel