HIS101 Finial Exam Study guide

What was a consequence of the civil wars of the first century B.C.E.?

The Roman army increased in size and became more professional.

The absolute monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to

All of these are correct.

Although the Senate granted Octavian the title “Augustus” (revered one), he preferred to be addressed by what title?

Princeps

Under the Rule of of Augustus, the Roman Empire

turned towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the Senate

Who were the Roman praetorian guards?

Elite troops given the task of protecting the emperor

Romanization in the Roman Empire

varied widely in different areas of the empire in terms of its extent and speed.

Which statement accurately portrays the social classes during the early Roman Empire?

The power of the equestrian class was expanded.

Which trait was typical of the average Roman city in the West?

It had only a few thousand inhabitants.

Which statement best describes Imperial Rome's gladiatorial shows?

They were government-backed spectacles used to content the masses.

Which of these changes took place in the Roman army during the third century?

More and more barbarians were enlisted in the army.

The "terrible third century" was made terrible by all of the following EXCEPT

ignorance of military affairs by the Severan rulers.

What was Paul's major contribution to Christianity?

He broadened Christianity’s reach by preaching to Jews and non-Jews alike.

Constantine's most enduring reform came in the creation of

the "New Rome."

Constantine's support for Christianity supposedly began

before the Battle of Milvian Bridge.

Which of the following was true of the Germanic family during Late Antiquity?

It was patriarchal.

Why did the bishops of Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch have special power in church affairs?

The churches in those cities claimed to have been founded by apostles.

What was Theodoric, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, determined to do?

Maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy.

The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defeated which of the following near Poitiers in 732?

the Muslims

What was the wergeld system meant to accomplish?

The prevention of blood feuds

The Germans believed that the ordeal

could reveal the truth by showing which party God favored in a dispute.

What did the first bishop of Rome's successors become known as?

Popes

The word “Islam” means

submission to the will of Allah.

 Western monasticism was characterized by

a balance of study, work, and prayer.

What best describes Justinian's military conquests under the general, Belisarius?

The con quests gains were short-lived.

What led Justinian to flee Constantinople in the year 532?

Riots

What is one of the Five Pillars of Islam?

Prayer five times a day

What did Muhammad believe?

That Allah had revealed himself in part through Moses and Jesus

Which area had come under Muslim rule by the mid-eighth century?

Most of Spain

What was the Hippodrome?

An amphitheater

The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was

Pepin

What best describes Charlemagne

He was a patron of learning and scholarship.

The expansion of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne

was most successful against the German tribes to the east.

How did Charlemagne try to limit the power of counts?

He required them to serve outside of their own family lands.

What did the officials known as missi dominici do for Charlemagne?

Checked up on his counts

What best describes the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor of the Romans in 800?

It symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures.

For the most part, the revival of classical studies during the Carolingian period took place in

monasteries

In the Middle Ages, monastic hospitality to travelers was

a sacred duty.

What best describes the Carolingian diet?

People of all classes consumed large quantities of bread

Medical practice in Carolingian times stressed the use of

medicinal herbs and bleeding.

When it came to consuming alcoholic beverages, what was true of Carolingians?

Everyone drank heavily and often to excess.

Who were the Magyars?

People originally from western Asia who migrated into eastern and central Europe

Which famous Viking discovered Greenland?

Erik the Red

In feudal Europe, a vassal was a man who

served another as a warrior.

Which statement best describes serfs?

They were bound to the land and required to provide labor and pay rent to a lord.

What was the lord-vassal relationship in the Germanic practice of medieval Europe?

It was an honorable relationship between free men.

What was the manor in feudal Europe?

An agricultural estate owned by a lord and worked by peasants

What characteristics help to account for the success of the Vikings?

Experience as warriors and sailors

Among Otto I's more successful actions that clearly benefited the kingship of Germany was

defeat of the Magyars at the battle of Lechfeld in 955 and Christianization of eastern Europe.

The Swedish Vikings tended to concentrate on conquests and trade in

Russia.

Where did the most successful Muslim raids in the ninth century occur?

Sicily

What most closely describes the practice of feudalism in the Early Middle Ages?

The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service.

What best describes the state of the Byzantine Empire by the early eleventh century?

It had achieved a new brilliance of power and influence under the Macedonians.

Who were the Slavs?

Originally a single people in central Europe

How did the Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians respond to German incursions?

They were greatly influenced by assimilation into the Catholic church and Latin culture.

What is demonstrated by a comparison of Islam and Western Civilization in the eighth and ninth centuries?

Muslim creation of a brilliant and sophisticated urban culture

In which of the following places was significant land "reclaimed" from the sea?

Netherlands

Many agricultural improvements in the Middle Ages depended on the production of tools made from what material?

Iron

In the three-field system, one field was planted with winter grains, a second with spring grains and vegetables, and the third field was

allowed to lie fallow.

What was the most common drink of the medieval peasant in northern European countries?

Ale

What was the main job of the village priest?

To teach villagers the basic elements of Christianity

Which statement best describes combative tournaments involving knights?

They were considered excellent and necessary training for warfare.

All of the following is true of the ideal of civilized behavior known as chivalry EXCEPT

chivalry was developed without the influence of the church

Flanders played a key role in the revival of trade in

northern Europe.

The electoral process in medieval cities ensured that which of the following groups would

monopolize political power?

Wealthy merchants

By 1100 charters of liberties granted townspeople such privileges as

written urban law that guaranteed their freedom.

Which statement best describes medieval cities?

They were relatively undemocratic, with the wealthy usually ruling and voting in civic elections.

Guilds were organizations of

artisans who directed almost every aspect of the production process of certain trades.

Which statement best describes students in medieval universities?

They often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople.

What was the basic mode of instruction in the medieval university?

Lecture

The curriculum of the medieval university

consisted of the trivium and quadrivium.

Romanesque architecture was typically characterized by

the barrel vault.

What was the dominant style of the church architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries?

Romanesque

Between 1100 and 1300, Europe experienced a small rise in temperature.

True

Which philosopher was at the center of most scholastic thought?

Aristotle

The Domesday Book could best be described as

an economic census.

What best summarizes the policies and goals of William of Normandy in England?

He created a strong, centralized monarchy.

The Magna Carta could best be described as

a guarantee of religious freedom for all Englishmen.

What gave the English barons the excuse they needed to challenge the power of King John?

A series of military defeats

Which event led to the establishment of Parliament in England?

The king's need to collect new taxes

The power of the Capetian monarchy was strengthened by the emergence of

All of these are correct.

Which statement best describes the state of France when the rule of the Capetians began at the end of the tenth century?

The French king only controlled an area known as the Ile-de-France.

The three estates of the Estates General included the nobility, the townspeople, and the

clergy

The Christian offensive in Spain against the Muslims in the thirteenth century

left Granada the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula.

Frederick Barbarossa's defeat at Legnano in 1176, ended his attempt to control which area?

The towns in northern Italy

Who was the founder of the Mongol Empire?

Genghis Khan

In the thirteenth century, the ____ conquered Russia.

Mongols

What was primarily responsible for the centralization of the church during the twelfth century?

an efficient and well-organized papal curia

In general, monasteries performed all the following EXCEPT

formed clerical guilds for priests and nuns.

The Fourth Lateran Council decreed that

Jews must wear distinguishing marks.

Who did the Seljuk Turks defeat at Manzikert in 1071?

Byzantines

What was a consequence of the Crusades?

Increased stability in European society

The Black Death resulted in a decline of the European population by

between 25 and 50 percent.

All of the following were reactions to the great plague EXCEPT

a reduction in the persecution of religious minorities because of the displeasure it caused God.

What were pogroms?

Organized massacres against the Jews

How did merchants and manufacturers respond to the economic tribulations of the fourteenth century?

Restricting competition and resisting the demands of the lower classes

Joan of Arc saved France by inspiring the French soldiers to break the English siege of

Orléans

The core lands of the Holy Roman Empire were located in

Germany

The chief ambition of the Venetian city-state in the fourteenth century was

to create a maritime commercial empire throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas.

What brought about the Great Schism in 1378?

The French cardinals elected a second pope

The Divine Comedy is the story of

the soul’s progression to salvation.