Drugs and Behavior Course Exam #2

Caffeine

Xanthine

Theophylline (caffeine)

Stimulant that aids breathing in tea and coffee beans

Theobromine

vasodilator, heart stimulant in chocolate, tea, kola nut

natural sources

seeds, leaves, and fruits act as pesticides

Acetylcholinesterase

enzyme that inactivates ACh at the synapse

Phosphodiesterase

breaks down cAMP to stop the message

Theophylline

in tea. relexes muscles

Polyphenols

in green tea only. can counteract effects of free radicals

coffee arabica

sweeter taste, more acidic, higher quality

coffee robusta

harsher taste, greater caffeine level, inferior but cheaper

bromocriptine, amatadine

cocaine dependency. dopamine agonists

ibogaine

cocaine dependency. anti-craving agent.

desipramine

cocaine dependency. tricyclic antidepressant (first gen)

lithium

cocaine dependency. helps block high of cocaine euphoric effects

amphetamines

derived from ma huang herb

Dextroamphetamine

right form (more potent)

Levoamphetamine

left form

Benzedrine

First marketed as a decongestant and inhaler in 1932.

Ephedrine

1887 isolation of active ingredient

Ritalin

ADHD FDA approved since 1955

Adderall, Dexedrine

1996 ADHD

Desozyn

meth 1943 ADHD

Beer

Grain source: barley, wheat, rye, rice, corn, oats

wine

red grapes, skinless grapes, CO2

Fortified wine

add extra alcohol (usually brandy)

Brandy

Distilled from any fruit source

whiskeys

distilled and aged beer

rum

distilled molases or cane sugar for rhum

gin

1st distillation: grain source. 2nd: juniper berries

vodka

distilled from potatoes and flabor free

ales

top fermenting, higher temp, 2 weeks, full-bodied

lagers

bottom fermenting, lower temp, months, lighter

lambics

wild yeast, intermediate temp, up to 3 years, sour

Thiamine supplements

Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s psychosis

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Suppression of glutamate and enhanced release of GABA

First true barbituate

Veronal

what do Barbituates stimulate?

GABA pathway

long-acting Barbituate

Phenobarbital, mephobarbital

Intermediate-acting Barbituate

Butabarbital, Amobarbital

Short-acting Barbituate

Pentobarbital, Secobarbital

Ultra-short-acting

Thiopental

Amobarbital

Blue

Pentobarbital

yellow

secobarbital

red

Penothal

“truth serum,” used in lethal injections…

Sodium thiopental

Ohio protocol for Lethal injections in 2009

Pentobarbital

Lethal injections in 2011

Fentanyl

Nevada and Nebraska lethal injections in present

Long acting Benzodiazepines

Diazepam (Valium), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Dalmane (flurazepam)

Intermediate-acting Benzodiazepines

Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam (Klonopin)

Short-acting Benzodiazepines

Midazolam (Versed), Oxazepam (Serax), Triazolam (Halcion), Alprazolam (Xanax)

Valium

#1 prescribed drug of anytime in 1972

Flunitrazepam

Special type of Benzodiazepine (Rohypnol - date r*pe drug)

Chloral hydrate

Nonbenzodiazepine-nonbarbiturate sedatives. 1832. Highly reactive when mixed with alcohol, major component in Anna Nicole Smith’s death

Benadryl

Nonbenzodiazepine-nonbarbiturate sedatives. Diphenhydramine. an antihistamine used for allergies, motion sickness… used to sedate patients with acute agitation.

Methaqualone

Nonbenzodiazepine-nonbarbiturate sedatives. 1965 sleeping pill. quickly linked to suicides and date r*pe drugs. A schedule I drug.

Buspirone (BuSpar)

Nonbenzodiazepine-nonbarbiturate sedatives. New generation of anxiolytics in 1986. Serotonin agonist, dopamine antagonist, DOES NOT AFFECT GABA, relieves cognitive symptoms, not somatic.

Morphine

Opium derivative. 1803. 10x stronger than opium.

Codeine

Opium derivative. 0.5% raw opium, used for coughs and pain relief.

Thebaine

0.2% raw opium, not used therapeutically, used to make oxycodone, nalaxone…

Heroin

two acetyl groups. 3x stronger than morphine, 30x stronger than opium.

Analgesia

Mu, Kappa, Delta

Respiratory Depression

Mu, Kappa, Delta

Slowed Cardiac Function

Mu

Sedation

Mu, Kappa

Reduced GI motility

Mu, Delta

Hallucinations

Kappa

Physical Dependence

Mu, Delta

Psychotic effects

Kappa

Euphoria

Mu

Kappa

Dysphoria

OxyContin

1996. Controlled-release version of oxycodone. Schedule II. advertised as “abuse-resistant: and “non-addictive”

NaltrexoneA

Abstinence approach. reduces cravings and blocks opiate effects

Methadone

full opioid agonist

Buprenorphine

partial opioid agonist

Suboxone

(buprenorphine plus naloxone)

Morphine, Codeine

Duramorph, Roxanol, Oramorph

Hydromorphone

Dilaudid

Oxymorphone

Numorphan

Oxycodone

Percodan (+aspirin), Percocet (+acetaminophen), Oxycontin

hydrocodone

Hycodan

methadone

Dolorphine

Meperidine

Demerol

Propoxyphene

Darvon, Darvocet-N

Pentazocine

Talwin

Fentanyl

Duragesic

LAAM

Orlaam