Juvenile Delinquency Final Notes

Chicago

The nation’s first juvenile court was established in which of the following cities?

Almshouses

Which of the following were locked one-room buildings that housed many types of people with many different problems?

social problem

Early juvenile courts treated delinquency as a ______.

increased immigration

Which of the following is a factor that led to the creation of the Houses of Refuge in the 1800s?

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

The first federal grant-making law for juvenile justice was the ______ of 1974.

parens patriae

The ______ philosophy continued to guide the reformers from the Houses of Refuge through reform efforts and the eventual establishment of the juvenile courts.

placing out

Which of the following refers to the process by which impoverished and troubled youths from urban east coast cities were rounded up, boarded on trains, and sent to western states?

child saving movement

The ______ was focused on the urban poor, trying to keep children sheltered, fed, and when possible and old enough, employed.

nothing worked

During the 1970s, there developed the incorrect belief that ______ in regard to rehabilitating youthful offenders.

brain science

Since 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court has relied on ______ for evidence that youths and adults are different.

super-predator

From the juvenile crime problem of the 1980s emerged the image of a new criminal, the ______ class of youthful offender.

the positivist school

The belief that human behavior is caused by forces outside an individual's control is associated with ______.

life-course persistent offenders

According to Terrie Moffitt, a very small number of juveniles, ______, engage in chronic violent offenses and contribute to the majority of serious violent offenses in society.

sin

During the 18th century, crime was equated with ______.

micro-level theories

Which of the following focuses on the individual-level behaviors and characteristics and personal-level processes, such as friends and family?

labeling

______ theory focuses on how an individual’s self-image and behavior are influenced by the reactions of society.

sever

Beccaria argued that a system of punishment should include punishment that is known, swift, certain, and ______.

the hedonistic calculus

The method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs is known as ______.

deterrence

Cesare Beccaria argued that the purpose of punishment should be ______

Cesare Lombroso

______ is considered the father of the positive school of criminology because he was the first person to apply the scientific method to the study of crime.

criminality

Which of the following refers to an individual’s tendency to engage in law breaking behavior?

dark figure of crime

The ______ refers to the number of crime and acts of delinquency that do not come to the attention of law enforcement.

disposition

Instead of a sentence, juveniles receive a(n) ______.

federal bureau of investigation

The Uniform Crime Reporting program is managed by the ______.

18

In most states, a juvenile is defined as a person who is younger than age ______.

probation officer

Once a juvenile is adjudicated delinquent, a ______ prepares a disposition plan.

diversion

______ occurs when a case is handled informally, outside of juvenile courts.

running away from home

Which of the following is a status offense?

do not specify a minimum age

Most states ______ for juvenile court jurisdiction for delinquency cases.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

The National Juvenile Court Data Archive was established by the ______.

resiliency

The term ______ refers to the ability of youth to adapt and thrive in spite of difficulties encountered.

is arrested

The risk of dropping out of high school is doubled if a young person ______.

being incarcerated as an adult

For both serious and low-level youthful offenders being incarcerated increases the odds of ______.

protective factors

Which of the following are experiences that decrease the likelihood of harmful outcomes, such as involvement with the juvenile court?

LGBT

______ adolescents are nearly 3 times more likely to report being a victim of childhood physical or sexual abuse than other adolescents.

risk factors

Experiences, traits, or issues that make an outcome more likely are referred to as ______.

early to mid-20s

The adolescent brain is still developing neurologically into one’s ______.

minor misdemeanors

Most of the school referrals and arrests that are brought to the juvenile courts are for ______.

static risk factors

Which of the following refers to characteristics that either cannot be changed or are difficult to change.

earlier

The ______ the onset of behavior difficulties, the greater chance there is for adolescent delinquency.

dropping out of school

Research has found that a single suspension in the 9th grade raises the risk of ______ by 20%.

mitigating circumstances

Zero tolerance policies do not allow school administrators to consider ______ when applying punishments.

being incarcerated at some point in life

When a student drops out of high school, his/her risk of ______ increases by more than 300%.

alternative education programs

______ are often used as placements for students most at risk for school failure and/or disciplinary concerns, even though they may exacerbate the problems.

trauma-informed care

Over the past decade, a proliferation of program development has occurred on what is commonly called ______, which seeks to address the harm caused by poverty, witnessing violence, domestic violence, and so on.

incidence rates

______ are the number of new cases of a disorder in a defined population during a specified time period of observation.

learning disability

A(n) ______ is defined as a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations

multidimensional

The ecological/psychosocial model uses a ______ approach in understanding offending behaviors, delinquency, and/or school exclusion outcomes.

are high quality and effective in decreasing problem behaviors

Reviews of behavioral parent training programs have found that the programs ______.

structured decision-making model

The ______ is a set of assessment tools that identify key decision points within each child protection agency cases and provides intervention directives.

americans with disabilities act

The ______ is a broad disability rights law that addresses public accommodations, employment, transportation, telecommunication, and state and local government discrimination.

pharmacotherapy

In treating anxiety disorders, two forms of interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy and ______, have been found to have the greatest impact.

evidence-based practices

______ simply means applying what we know in terms of research to what we do in our work with youth, their families, and the communities in which we live. It is the progressive, organizational use of direct, current scientific evidence to guide and inform efficient and effective services.

risk, treatment, need, responsivity

What are the four key principles of evidence-based practices? (select the correct answers)

connected to school

Feeling ______ is one of the most important protective factors for students at risk for academic failure, behavior problems, and dropping out.

Lancaster County, PA

Youth Aid Panels, in ______ were established to prevent young people from becoming more involved in delinquency and poor decision-making, and to make the youthful offender accountable for their actions through services to the victim and/or their community.

State

______ diversion laws typically define various procedures, including eligibility criteria, the program’s purpose, offender accountability, and the voluntary nature of participation.

parents and schools

Truancy is best addressed on multiple fronts by ______.

minimizing the youth’s involvement with the juvenile justice system

While the goals of diversion programs may vary, they typically focus on ______.

memoranda of understanding

If a school resource officer is to be employed in a school, a ______ should be completed that expresses a common vision between the school district and the police force.

chronic absenteeism

______ is defined as missing more than 10% of school during an academic year.

rehabilitating

A school’s code of conduct is most effective when it focuses on ______ the youths violating the rules.

corrective

Formal diversion programs usually require the young person to take certain ______ steps, such as agreeing to participate in suitable programming.

Determined on a case-by-case basis

Many of the important stakeholders have recommended student discipline dispensation be ______.

learning problems

Experiencing trauma may lead to mental health problems, difficulties that increase the risk for ______ and discipline problems.

away from automatic school removal policies

A recent trend with regard to student threats of violence is a shift ______.

assessment

Threat ______ is a process of evaluating the threat and the circumstances surrounding the threat to uncover any evidence that indicate the threat is likely to be carried out.

status offenses

The target population for warning programs are normally first-time misdemeanor offenders and those who commit ______.

conflict resolution

______ is an important in-classroom starting point to improve safety and learning outcomes.

Drug-Free-School Act

For some of the more serious violations at school, disciplinary policies are driven by federal law based on the 1994 ______ and its subsequent amendments that require immediate student removal from school.

believe that their parents and teachers support them

Students who are more engaged with their schools generally ______.

autonomy

When students have input and are provided ______, overall engagement with the school is typically increased.