Video 2 card

What are the two processes that make up protein synthesis?

Transcription and translation.

Where does transcription take place in prokaryotes?

In the cytoplasm.

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

In the nucleus.

What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

It synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.

What is the transcription bubble?

The unwound region of DNA where transcription occurs.

What is the significance of the promoter region in DNA?

It's where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

What is a codon?

A group of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

What are the three main steps of transcription?

Initiation, elongation, and termination.

What happens during the termination phase of transcription?

RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence, ends transcription, and releases the RNA molecule.

What type of RNA serves as the template for translation?

Messenger RNA (mRNA).

What are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

What distinguishes a missense mutation from a silent mutation?

A missense mutation changes one amino acid in the protein, while a silent mutation does not change the amino acid sequence.

What are frameshift mutations?

Mutations that result from the insertion or deletion of bases, altering the reading frame of the genetic code.

How do point mutations affect protein synthesis?

They can alter the amino acid sequence, potentially affecting protein function.

What is the start codon for protein synthesis?

AUG, which codes for methionine.

What does a stop codon do during translation?

It signals the termination of protein synthesis.

What is nucleotide excision repair?

A DNA repair mechanism that removes damaged sections of DNA and replaces them with correct sequences.

What is photoreactivation?

A DNA repair mechanism activated by light, which repairs thymine dimers.

What do thymine dimers result from?

They are caused by UV light, leading to abnormal bonding between adjacent thymines.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the physical expression of those genes.

What enables simultaneous transcription and translation in prokaryotes?

The absence of a nucleus and because RNA does not need processing.

What is the significance of the wobble effect in codons?

It allows some mutations to be silent, as multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

What is a nonsense mutation?

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, leading to truncated protein.