Unit 4 Review (1800-1848) Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards based on the Unit 4 lecture transcript, covering major political, economic, and social developments in the United States from 1800 to 1848.

1800 to 1848

The time period of Unit 4, marked by the election of Thomas Jefferson and the Senica Falls Convention.

The United States Identity

The central theme of Unit 4, exploring who the country was becoming through expansion, war, foreign policy, and economic policy.

Embargo Act

A Thomas Jefferson policy that cut off all foreign trade to force Britain and France to respect US neutrality, primarily resulting in damage to the American economy.

Non-intercourse act

An 1809 law that replaced the Embargo Act, cutting off trade specifically with Great Britain and France only.

Adams Onus treaty

An 1819 agreement where Spain ceded Florida to the United States and firmed up the western border in the Louisiana territory.

Anglo-American Convention of 1818

An agreement between Great Britain and the United States for joint occupation of the Oregon country.

War of 1812

A conflict between the US and Great Britain, sometimes called American Revolution 2.0, sparked by economic tensions and the practice of impressment.

Impressment

The British practice of seizing American merchant vessels and forcing Americans to fight on British Navy ships.

Treaty of Gent

The agreement that ended the War of 1812, resulting in a stalemate where territory returned to pre-war status.

Era of good feeling

The period directly following the War of 1812 characterized by a strong sense of nationalistic feeling.

Monroe Doctrine

An 1823 declaration by James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was a US sphere of influence and closed to European intrusion.

Market revolution

The transition of the US economy from primarily agricultural subsistence-based to an industrial, commercial, and market-reliant system.

Samuel Slater

A British immigrant who created the first textile factory in the United States, producing yarn faster than by hand.

Interchangeable parts

An innovation by Eli Whitney allowing manufactured goods to be assembled from precise, identical pieces by unskilled workers.

American system of manufacturing

A blueprint for organized and productive creation of goods utilizing machines and interchangeable parts.

Telegraph

An 1844 invention that used short electrical signals for instant long-distance communication between cities and markets.

Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper

A machine that revolutionized western agriculture by doing the harvesting work of five farmers working by hand.

Cumberland Road

Also known as the National Road, it was one of the few roads financed by the federal government to connect regions.

Eerie Canal

A significant infrastructure project linking Albany to Buffalo in New York, facilitating regional economic interconnection.

Urbanization

The rapid growth of city populations as subsistence farmers migrated to industrial centers looking for factory work.

Louisiana purchase

The 1803 acquisition of a massive chunk of land from Napoleon Bonapart, doubling the territory of the United States.

Strict constructionists

A political group, including Thomas Jefferson, who believed federal power was strictly limited to the exact words of the Constitution.

Judicial review

The power claimed by the Supreme Court in the 1803 case Marberry v. Madison to decide whether a law violates the Constitution.

McCullik v. Maryland

An 1819 Supreme Court case declaring that federal laws are supreme over state laws.

Franchise

The right to vote, which saw a major push for expansion to all white males during the early 19th century.

Panic of 1819

A nationwide economic depression caused by irresponsible practices of the Second Bank of the United States.

Universal white male suffrage

The political movement to remove property qualifications for voting, making the US a nation of voters.

Democratic Party

A political party led by Andrew Jackson that primarily favored less government power.

National Republicans

A political party led by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams that favored more government power.

Nullification crisis

A conflict where South Carolina asserted the right to nullify a federal tariff and threatened to secede from the union.

Force bill

A law giving Andrew Jackson the authority to send federal troops into South Carolina to collect tariff taxes.

Bank War

The political struggle triggered by Andrew Jackson's veto of the charter for the Second Bank of the United States.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

A policy targeting the removal of American Indian groups from their lands to territory west of the Mississippi River.

John Ross

The Cherokee chief who led efforts to assimilate to white American culture through a Republican government and learning English.

Worooster v. Georgia

A Supreme Court case that ruled Cherokee removal was unconstitutional, a decision Andrew Jackson ignored.

Trail of Tears

The brutal thousand-mile trek to the western side of the Mississippi River that resulted in the deaths of many American Indians.

Cult of domesticity

An ideology defining a woman's role as raising virtuous children and serving her husband within the domestic sphere.

Lowell girls

Young farm girls recruited to work in textile factories in Lowel, Massachusetts, who formed the first women's labor union.

Romanticism

A movement emphasizing emotional exuberance and imaginative exploration as a reaction to Enlightenment rationalism.

Hudson River School

A group of artists who painted majestic American landscapes to evoke emotional responses.

Transcendentalism

A unique American philosophy believing truth transcends the senses and is accessed through communion with nature.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement focused on moral efforts to reform the entire society of evils like alcohol and slavery.

Charles Grandis infiny

A prominent revivalist preacher who used emotional, plain language to encourage the reform of society.

Church of Latter-day Saints

Also known as Mormons, a religious group founded by Joseph Smith that eventually established a theocracy in the Utah territory.

Onida community

A utopian society created by John Humphrey Noise in 1848 based on communal property and complex marriage.

Temperance movement

A social reform effort aimed at curbing or eliminating the consumption of alcohol, led by the American Temperance Society.

Senica Falls Convention

An 1848 meeting organized by Lucricia Ma and Elizabeth Katy Stanton to address women's equality.

Declaration of Sentiments

A document signed at Senica Falls arguing for full equality for women in employment, education, and the franchise.

Henry Clay’s American system

An economic plan involving fedally funded infrastructure, protective tariffs, and a national bank to knit regional economies together.

Missouri Compromise

An 1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while setting the 3630 line to divide slavery geographically.

Yman farmers

The vast majority of southern farmers who worked their own land and did not own enslaved people.

White supremacy

An ideology introduced by elite planters to unite southern whites by claiming they were fundamentally superior to the black race.

David Walker

A black pamphleteer who wrote an appeal to the colored citizens of the world, pushing for the immediate abolition of slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

The Boston publisher of The Liberator who argued for immediate abolition through the persuasion of people's minds.

Nat Turner’s rebellion

An 1831 slave uprising in Virginia that killed more than 50 white people and resulted in harsher slave codes across the South.